fMRI Evidence for Default Mode Network Deactivation Associated with Rapid Eye Movements in Sleep

Abstract

System-specific brain responses—time-locked to rapid eye movements (REMs) in sleep—are characteristically widespread, with robust and clear activation in the primary visual cortex and other structures involved in multisensory integration. This pattern suggests that REMs underwrite hierarchical processing of visual information in a time-locked manner, where REMs index the generation and scanning of virtual-world models, through multisensory integration in dreaming—as in awake states. Default mode network (DMN) activity increases during rest and reduces during various tasks including visual perception. The implicit anticorrelation between the DMN and task-positive network (TPN)—that persists in REM sleep—prompted us to focus on DMN responses to temporally-precise REM events. We timed REMs during sleep from the video recordings and quantified the neural correlates of REMs—using functional MRI (fMRI)—in 24 independent studies of 11 healthy participants. A reanalysis of these data revealed that the cortical areas exempt from widespread REM-locked brain activation were restricted to the DMN. Furthermore, our analysis revealed a modest temporally-precise REM-locked decrease—phasic deactivation—in key DMN nodes, in a subset of independent studies. These results are consistent with hierarchical predictive coding; namely, permissive deactivation of DMN at the top of the hierarchy (leading to the widespread cortical activation at lower levels; especially the primary visual cortex). Additional findings indicate REM-locked cerebral vasodilation and suggest putative mechanisms for dream forgetting.

Common and distinct roles of amygdala subregional functional connectivity in non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

“…These commonly hypo-connected areas are also collectively referred to as the default mode network (DMN) regions 20 . Decreased activities in DMN regions have been reportedly associated with depression 21 , cognitive deficits 22 , sleep 23 , and pain 24 . Additionally, the insula is involved in socio-emotional, sensorimotor, olfactory, and cognitive networks 25 , and amygdala-insula hypo-connectivity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms 26 , sleep disorders 27 , and fatigue 28 .…”

Rapid eye movements in sleep: probe into infant visual brain development in autism

“…2a, 3a). Furthermore, individual-level analyses revealed REM-locked deactivation in the RSC-Lt in 6 out of 24 individual studies; that is, it was replicated in six independent individual studies 19 (Fig. 2b).…”

Common and unique dysconnectivity profiles of dorsal and median raphe in Parkinson's disease

“…These hypo‐connected areas are collectively referred to as the default mode network (DMN; Raichle, 2015 ). Decreases in DMN activity have been reportedly associated with olfactory impairment (Karunanayaka et al, 2017 ; Lu et al, 2019 ), depression (Xiao et al, 2022 ), cognitive impairment (Ruppert et al, 2021 ), sleep problem (Hong, Fallon, & Friston, 2021 ), and pain (Alshelh et al, 2018 ). Additionally, MR had decreased connectivity with the pons, which may lead to dysfunction of the cortico‐ponto‐cerebellar loops and impaired sensory‐motor control (Glickstein, 1998 ; Kamali et al, 2010 ; Palesi et al, 2017 ).…”

“…These hypo-connected areas are collectively referred to as the default mode network (DMN; Raichle, 2015). Decreases in DMN activity have been reportedly associated with olfactory impairment (Karunanayaka et al, 2017;Lu et al, 2019), depression (Xiao et al, 2022), cognitive impairment (Ruppert et al, 2021), sleep problem (Hong, Fallon, & Friston, 2021), and pain (Alshelh et al, 2018).…”