“…According to Lu et al (2016) , the more recent real-world optimization problems modeled by the bi-level approach may be clustered into four domains: (a) supply chain management ( Chalmardi and Camacho-Vallejo, 2019 , Hsueh, 2015 ); (b) traffic and transportation ( Bennajeh et al, 2019 , Zhang et al, 2019 ); (c) energy management ( Alipour et al, 2018 , Guo et al, 2016 ), and (d) safety and accident management ( Cerulli et al, 2019 , Erkut and Gzara, 2008 ).…”