Fly Ash as an Eco-Friendly Filler for Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modification

Kuźnia, Monika; Magiera, Anna; Zygmunt-Kowalska, Beata; Kaczorek-Chrobak, Katarzyna; Pielichowska, Kinga; Szatkowski, Piotr; Benko, Aleksandra; Ziąbka, Magdalena; Jerzak, Wojciech

doi:10.3390/ma14216604

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The inorganic-organic interface visible from the PU matrix can be easily detached to form a cavity during quenching. This finding indicated that the interface compatibility is relatively poor, and the composite exhibits poor mechanical properties [ 22 ]. For the PU/FA composite, the size of FA particles in the PU/FA composites sample did not change significantly compared with that in the PU/pristine FA composite.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When φ = 50%, the T g of PU/FA-50% shifts to 56.21 °C, indicating that the compatibility of hard and soft segments has gradually increased. On the one hand, FA addition reduces the binding force of the PU soft segment molecular chain movement and increases the flexibility of the polymer chain [ 22 ]. As indicated by the C-H bond and N-H bond in Figure 2 b, the strength was significantly reduced; FA addition weakens the hydrogen bonding effect, thereby also weakening the aggregation of PU hard segments [ 30 ], indicating that the compatibility of hard and soft segments for PU/FA composites has gradually increased.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, FA has become one of the main potential filling materials in polymer matrices due to the following advantages: Khoshnoud et al observed an increase in the energy storage modulus of PVC foam containing FA [ 21 ]. Kuźnia et al reported the improved mechanical property, thermal performance, and heat stability of 20 wt.% FA-filled rigid PU foams [ 22 ]. Additionally, Qin et al stated a positive effect on the crosslinking density and hardness of PU/FA composites, thereby improving their mechanical properties [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Fly Ash on the Foaming Behavior and Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Grouting Materials

et al. 2022

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Polyurethane (PU) grouting material has been widely utilized to control water inrush in mining fields. However, the application has been limited by its high cost and poor flame retardancy. Here, we use the fly ash (FA), a waste from coal of the iron-making industry and power plants, as a partial replacement of conventional filler in PU grouting materials to reduce the production cost and the environmental pollution of FA. The surface-modified FA-filled PU (PU/FA) composites were prepared by room-temperature curing. The effects of FA contents (φ) on the structure, foaming behavior, thermal stability, mechanical properties, hydrophobic properties, and flammability of PU grouting materials were examined. Results showed that the higher the φ, the more porous the PU/FA composites are, resulting in a lower density and lower mechanical properties. The relationship between the compression modulus E and the density ρ of the PU/FA composites was E ∝ ρ1.3. In addition, the surface-modified FA improved the compatibility between the hard and soft segment of PU in the PU/FA composite, giving the composites enhanced thermal stability, high hydrophobicity, and flammability resistance.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Fly Ash on the Foaming Behavior and Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Grouting Materials

et al. 2022

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“…On the other hand, the chemical composition of fly ash depending on the particle sizes (apart from carbon content) practically does not differ from each other (before and after sieving). Fly ash consists mainly of: SiO 2 (52.3%), Al 2 O 3 (27.4%), Fe 2 O 3 (7.9%), K 2 O (4.1%), CaO (2.9%), TiO 2 (1.4%) and MgO (1.4%) [33,34]. The analyzed fly ash belongs to the group of silicate fly ash due to the large amount of SiO 2 and in accordance with the ASTM C 618 standard, it is classified as an ash of the group F. Figure 1 shows the structure of fly ash and two characteristics types of particles: microspheres and unburned carbon.…”

Section: Characterization Of Filler and Its Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Ash Silanization on the Selected Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam/Coal Fly Ash Composites

et al. 2022

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According to the assumptions of the European Union, by 2050 it is planned to achieve climate neutrality. For this purpose, a document called the “European Green Deal” was established, which is a set of policies of the European Commission. One of the assumptions is a circular economy that takes into account the use of waste in subsequent production cycles. In order to meet the latest trends in environmentally friendly materials and use of waste in the production of building materials, composites of rigid polyurethane foam with 10 wt.% of waste were produced. Fly ash from coal combustion after modification was used as a filler. Three types of modifications were used: silanization, sieving, and both processes together. The silanization process was carried out for 1 and 2% silane ([3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane) concentration in relation to the fly ash mass. The sieving was aimed at reaching a fraction with a particle diameter below 75 µm. Six composites with modified fillers were compared and one material containing unchanged fly ash was used as a reference. A comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of surface analysis, thermal stability and physical properties. It turned out that the polyurethane materials modified fly ash silanized with 1% and 2% silane solution proved the best results in performed tests. On the other hand, the polyurethane foam containing sieved ash was characterized by the lowest flammability and the lowest emission of smoke and CO. The use of modified fly ash in technology of polyurethane foams can be a good method of its disposal and can increase the applicability of the composites.

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“…The use of coal or biomass fly ash in concrete reduces the consumption of natural resources and reduces the CO 2 emissions caused primarily through the reduction of Portland cement content in concrete [ 19 ]. Besides in the concrete industry, it has been shown that fly ash finds its application in various construction areas [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. Pulverized coal fly ash has gained considerable importance as a supplementary cementitious material due to its pozzolanic properties, but also due to the improved workability of concrete attributed to the spherical shape and plain surface of ash particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Wood Fly Ash on Concrete Properties through Filling Effect Mechanism

2021

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at determining the influence of wood fly ash (WFA) from three Croatian power plants on the properties of concrete. First, the chemical and physical properties of WFA’s were determined. It was found that these properties are highly influenced by combustion technology, the type and parts of wood used as fuel, and the local operating conditions. Subsequently, workability, heat of hydration, stiffness development, 28-day compressive strength, apparent porosity, and capillary absorption were determined on concrete mixes prepared with WFA as cement replacement from 5–45% by weight. Cement replacement up to 15% with the finest WFA accelerated hydration, stiffness development, and increased compressive strength of concrete up to 18%, while replacement with coarser WFA’s led to a decrease in compressive strength of up to 5% and had more gradual heat liberation. The dominant effect that could explain these findings is attributed to the filler and filling effect mechanisms. At the same time replacement content of up to 45% had very little effect on capillary absorption and could give concrete with sufficiently high compressive strength to be suitable for construction purposes.

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Fly Ash as an Eco-Friendly Filler for Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modification

Cited by 25 publications

References 47 publications

The Influence of Fly Ash on the Foaming Behavior and Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Grouting Materials

The Influence of Fly Ash on the Foaming Behavior and Flame Retardancy of Polyurethane Grouting Materials

The Effect of Ash Silanization on the Selected Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam/Coal Fly Ash Composites

Influence of Wood Fly Ash on Concrete Properties through Filling Effect Mechanism

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