Fluxes of deep CO2 in the volcanic areas of central-southern Italy

Gambardella, Barbara; Cardellini, Carlo; Chiodini, Giovanni; Frondini, Francesco; Marini, Luigi; Ottonello, G.; Zuccolini, Marino Vetuschi

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.018

Cited by 70 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The potential CO 2 produced is expected to escape towards the surface considering that: (i) the skarn shell prevents CO 2 movement from country rocks into the magma chamber and (ii) dissolution of CO 2 in the magma can be considered negligible at the relatively low pressure of the 1631 magma chamber (see above) based on the experimentally determined CO 2 solubility in melts (51). The production of free CO 2 at deeper levels, through deep magma degassing or mantle degassing is very likely, considering the high flux of partly magmatic CO 2 discharged today in Central-Southern Italy, including the Vesuvian area [54,55]. Nevertheless, the deeply originated CO 2 did not dissolve into the shallow 1631 magma chamber for the reasons noted above.…”

Section: Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering

et al. 2017

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Vesuvius is a high-risk volcano and the 1631 Plinian eruption is a reference event for the next episode of explosive unrest. A complete stratigraphic and petrographic description of 1631 pyroclastics is given in this study. During the 1631 eruption a phonolite was firstly erupted followed by a tephritic phonolite and finally a phonolitic tephrite, indicating a layered magma chamber. We suggest that phonolitic basanite is a good candidate to be the primitive parental-melt of the 1631 eruption. Composition of apatite from the 1631 pyroclastics is different from those of CO 2 -rich melts indicating negligible CO 2 content during magma evolution. Cross checking calculations, using PETROGRAPH and PELE software, accounts for multistage evolution up to phonolite starting from a phonolitic basanite melt similar to the Vesuvius medieval lavas. The model implies crystal settling of clinopyroxene and olivine at 6 kbar and 1220 ∘ C, clinopyroxene plus leucite at a pressure ranging from 2.5 to 0.5 kbar and temperature ranging from 1140 to 940 ∘ C. Inside the phonolitic magma chamber K-feldspar and leucite would coexist at a temperature ranging from from 940 to 840 ∘ C and at a pressure ranging from 2.5 to 0.5 kbar. Thus crystal fractionation is certainly a necessary and probably a sufficient condition to evolve the melt from phono tephritic to phonolitic in the 1631 magma chamber. We speculate that phonolitic tephrite magma refilling from deeper levels destabilised the chamber and triggered the eruption, as testified by the seismic precursor phenomena before 1631 unrest.

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Section: Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 99%

Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering

et al. 2017

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“…Similar phenomena have been observed in areas of southern Italy. Reported 14 C dates from Italian sites whose historical contexts are clear are frequently 100-300 yr too early (Rogie 1996;Minissale et al 1997;Chiodini et al 1999Chiodini et al ,2004Rogie et al 2000;Cardellini et al 2003;Gambardella et al 2004). A similar phenomenon is reported with regard to Iceland, where volcanic/geothermal effects are thought to be the cause of 14 C dates 100-200 yr earlier than presumed historical dates for the earliest European occupation levels (Sveinbjörnsdottir and Heinemeier 2011).…”

Section: Problems Affecting the Chronological Reliability Of Measuremmentioning

confidence: 85%

Problems in the Measurement, Calibration, Analysis, and Communication of Radiocarbon Dates (With Special Reference to the Prehistory of the Aegean World)

Wiener¹

2012

Radiocarbon

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ABSTRACT. Radiocarbon dating encounters (1) problems of reservoir effects and regional/seasonal variation affecting the chronological reliability of measurements, (2) problems of calibration of measurements via comparison with tree segments of known dendrochronological dates, (3) problems of statistical inference with respect to the data pre-and post-calibration, and (4) problems of the analysis and communication of information to archaeologists, historians, and other interested parties. This paper considers the special characteristics of each of the problem areas indicated in order to improve communication between 14 C scientists and the disciplines of archaeology, anthropology, and ancient history.

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“…For instance, the renewability of geothermal can be compromised by poor reservoir management-especially any shortcomings in the reinjection of cooled geothermal fluids-which can lead to quite marked overdraft of the resource base, at least locally and temporarily (albeit the time-scale may be decadal). Similarly, some geothermal systems can have quite high CO2 emissions, especially in volcanic regions where the magma conduits cut through carbonate sedimentary rocks (as in much of Italy, for instance; [17]). However, the majority of geothermal systems have very low carbon emissions, with systems used only for heating purposes having some of the lowest carbon emissions of any renewable technologies, at around 4 g of CO2 equivalent per kWh [9,18].…”

Section: Historical Context and Resource Categorizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal Energy: Delivering on the Global Potential

2015

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Geothermal energy has been harnessed for recreational uses for millennia, but only for electricity generation for a little over a century. Although geothermal is unique amongst renewables for its baseload and renewable heat provision capabilities, uptake continues to lag far behind that of solar and wind. This is mainly attributable to (i) uncertainties over resource availability in poorly-explored reservoirs and (ii) the concentration of full-lifetime costs into early-stage capital expenditure (capex). Recent advances in reservoir characterization techniques are beginning to narrow the bounds of exploration uncertainty, both by improving estimates of reservoir geometry and properties, and by providing pre-drilling estimates of temperature at depth. Advances in drilling technologies and management have potential to significantly lower initial capex, while operating expenditure is being further reduced by more effective reservoir management-supported by robust models-and increasingly efficient energy conversion systems (flash, binary and combined-heat-and-power). Advances in characterization and modelling are also improving management of shallow low-enthalpy resources that can only be exploited using heat-pump technology. Taken together with increased public appreciation of the benefits of geothermal, the technology is finally ready to take its place as a mainstream renewable technology, exploited far beyond its traditional confines in the world's volcanic regions.

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Fluxes of deep CO2 in the volcanic areas of central-southern Italy

Cited by 70 publications

References 42 publications

Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering

Magma evolution inside the 1631 Vesuvius magma chamber and eruption triggering

Problems in the Measurement, Calibration, Analysis, and Communication of Radiocarbon Dates (With Special Reference to the Prehistory of the Aegean World)

Geothermal Energy: Delivering on the Global Potential

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