Fluvalinate Residues in Honey and Beeswax after Different Colony Treatments

Predicting pesticide fate in the hive (part 1): experimentally determined τ-fluvalinate residues in bees, honey and wax

“…Our results are intermediate between those reported in previous studies (Bornek andMerle 1989, 1990;Tsigouri et al 2004;Bogdanov and Kilchenmann 1995;Lodesani et al 2003;Martel et al 2007). The τ-fluvalinate concentrations presented here change substantially with time in both matrices (bees and wax) and between hives.…”

“…Residues of fat-soluble and stable pesticides have been found in surveys in many countries: Greece (Thrasyvoulou and Pappas 1988), Italy (Lodesani et al 1992(Lodesani et al , 2008Russo and Neri 2002), Switzerland (Bogdanov et al 1998(Bogdanov et al , 2003, France (Martel et al 2007;Chauzat and Faucon 2007), Germany (Wallner 1999), Spain (FernandezMuiño et al 1995(FernandezMuiño et al , 1997García et al 1996;Jiménez et al 2005), Portugal (Rial-Otero et al 2007), North America (Nasr and Wallner 2003;Mullin et al 2010) and Saudi Arabia (Kamel and Al-Ghamdi 2006). Experiments designed to assess the persistence, fate and metabolism of various pesticide compounds have been performed over periods of up to 2 years using experimental hives (van Buren et al 1992;Bogdanov and Kilchenmann 1995;Fries et al 1998;Tsigouri et al 2001Tsigouri et al , 2004Waliszewski et al 2003;Tremolada et al 2004;Martel et al 2007). …”

“…This compound is available in various forms, including Apistan (plastic strips placed into the hive for a typical period of 4 weeks; Cabras et al 1997), Klartan and Mavrik (water suspensions;Wallner 1999;Tsigouri et al 2004). Problems of resistance in V. destructor (Martin 2004) and pesticide residues in honey and wax (Waliszewski et al 2003) have reduced the use of τ-fluvalinate.…”

Pesticide Residues in Natural Products with Pharmaceutical Use: Occurrence, Analytical Advances and Perspectives

“…In this case, the preferred strategy is based on the retention of waxes in the sorbent whereas pesticides are eluted. Methodologies using Florisil (Adamczyk et al, 2007, Frison et al, 1999, Tsigouri et al, 2000, Tsigouri et al, 2004, C 18 (Chauzat & Faucon, 2007, Jiménez et al, 2004a, Kamel & Al-Ghamdi, 2006) also combined with HLB (Jiménez et al 2004b) were reported. Selective eluting step is carried out using non-polar mixtures (nhexane:diethylether mixtures) to polar ones (based on MeOH and MeCN), respectively.…”

Pesticide Residues in Bee Products

“…Tau fluvalinate is the most lipophilic of all compounds used in beekeeping. This property combined with the high stability of the substance in the wax contributes to the drastic increase in the concentration 97 of residues in the honeycombs (Tsigouri et al, 2004). Tau fluvalinate has been used by beekeepers for many decades.…”