Fluoride Varnishes in Caries Prevention

Abstract

The first fluoride varnishes were developed during the 1960s (Duraphat^® sodium fluoride varnish) and 1970s (Fluor Protector^® silane fluoride varnish) to prolong the contact time between fluoride and enamel. Fluoride varnishes adhere to enamel, and calcium fluoride formed after application acts as a long-term reservoir of fluoride. Currently Duraphat varnish is the most widely used topical fluoride for professional application in Europe, and the use of fluoride varnishes is increasing in the USA. Duraphat varnish has been effective in three decades of clinical studies, but the results of Fluor Protector varnish are inconclusive. The percent caries reductions found in the 1990s have generally been lower than those reported in earlier studies, probably because of the higher exposure to other preventive measures in the more recent studies. In studies comparing Duraphat varnish and APF gel, Duraphat varnish was equally or more effective than APF gel. Sealants were most effective in preventing occlusal caries. Four applications per year, or three weekly applications once a year, have been found to be effective. However, several studies have shown that two applications per year may provide comparable results. Application is fast and easy. Professional prophylaxis is not necessary, and the patient can leave immediately after the treatment. No acute toxicity has been reported after using any fluoride varnish.

Effect of a 4% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnish on demineralisation and remineralisation of bovine enamel in vitro

“…These studies have shown a reduction of dental caries around 30% using in vitro and in vivo protocols. [4][5][6]24 The results obtained in this study for D and F are similar and in agreement with the literature. It is known that the formation of the CaF 2 reservoir is increased under acidic compared to neutral conditions.…”

“…2,3 The high F concentration agents, such as varnish and gels, promote much larger amounts of CaF 2 formation on the enamel surface than do low F concentration agents. 4 Thus, professionally applied topical F agents, such as gels or varnishes, are recommended for individuals who present was maintained sound. The varnishes were applied onto the enamel surfaces.…”

Mechanism of Action of TiF₄ on Dental Enamel Surface: SEM/EDX, KOH-Soluble F, and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

“…Varnish has some advantages compared to mouthrinse or gel, due to its adherence to the tooth surface, allowing a longer contact time between fluoride and enamel [Seppä, 2004;Olympio et al, 2009;Divaris et al, 2013;Marinho et al, 2013]. In addition, the incorporation of TiF 4 into a varnish could minimise potential deleterious effects of its low pH on mucosa, once the varnish is applied directly on the tooth surface.…”

Evaluation of an intensified preventive programme aimed at 12-year-olds with increased caries risk

“…There are various overviews and meta-analyses on the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in the literature (Helfenstein and Steiner 1994;Marinho et al 2002;Petersson et al 2004;Seppä 2004). Duraphat® is the varnish whose ability to inhibit caries has been studied most frequently.…”