Fluoride-releasing dental restorative materials: An update

Abstract

SUMMARYThe fluoride ion has a well-established beneficial role in dentistry in protecting the teeth from assault by caries. It is known to contribute to the dynamic mineralisation process of the natural tooth mineral, and also to become incorporated with the mineral phase, forming a thin layer of fluorapatite. This is more resistant to acid attack than the native hydroxyapatite, hence protects the tooth against further decay. Other recently discovered aspects of the role and uptake of fluoride will also be discussed.One of the widely used dental restoratives, the glass-ionomer dental cement, is able to release fluoride in a sustained manner that may continue for many years, and this is seen as clinically beneficial. The closely related resin-modified glass-ionomer cement, and also the polyacid-modified composite resin (“compomer”) are able to do the same. There are also fluoride-containing conventional composite resins able to release fluoride.These various materials are reviewed and the way in which they release fluoride are described, as well as the effectiveness of the release at the levels involved. Studies of effectiveness of fluoride release from these various classes of material are reviewed, and shown to suggest that release from conventional and resin-modified glass-ionomers is more beneficial than from composite resins. This is attributed to 2 causes: firstly, that it is not possible to replace the lost fluoride in composites, unlike glass-ionomers, and secondly because the other ions released from glass-ionomers (calcium, phosphate) are able to contribute to local remineralisation of the tooth. The absence of these other ions in fluoridated composites means that remineralisation is able to occur to a lesser extent, if at all.

The effect of powder to liquid ratio on physical properties and fluoride release of glass ionomer cements containing pre-reacted spherical glass fillers

“…All GICs in the current study continued to release fluoride even at the end of measurement. It was reported that the fluoride release from GICs was detected for up to 5 years 31,32) . The continuation of fluoride diffusion may result from slow acid-base reaction in the bulk of the materials.…”

Characteristic of Glass Ionomer Cement Material for Clinical Dentistry

“…Nhờ có những ưu điểm như khả năng giải phóng fluoride, hiệu quả trong việc bảo vệ và ngăn ngừa sâu răng tái phát, tính thẩm mĩ (khá giống răng tự nhiên về màu sắc và độ trong mờ) [3]- [5], xi măng GIC xuất hiện và phát triển như một bước tiến trong lĩnh vực vật liệu y sinh nói chung và lĩnh vực nha khoa nói riêng. Bên cạnh đó, GIC còn được dùng như một loại xi măng dán tăng lực dính cho mão, cầu của răng, vật liệu trám cho cả răng sữa, răng vĩnh viễn ở mọi lứa tuổi, tái tạo cùi răng cho phục hình, chất bảo vệ tủy và trám lót [3], [4].…”

Restorative materials in pediatric dentistry and the place of glass carbomer

“…Mineralizasyon, çekirdek görevi gören kalsiyum florapatit nano kristalleri varlığından ve kısmen mineralizasyona yardımcı iyonların kaynağı olan hidroksiapatit varlığından kaynaklanmaktadır. 36 Cam karbomer geleneksel CİS'lere kıyasla çok ince partikül boyutuna sahiptir. Bu durum cam yapının kolay bir şekilde çözünerek florapatite dönüşebildiğini düşündürmektedir.…”

“…38 Üretici firma cam karbomer simanın biyomimetik (doğal, taklit yeteneği olan) bir materyal olduğunu bildirmiştir. 22,36 Cam karbomer, ek bir karbon zincirine sahiptir ve nano boyutlu toz parçacıkları ve ikincil doldurucu olarak fluorapatit içermekle beraber serbest monomer içermez. Mine ya da dentine herhangi bir işlem uygulamadan bağlanabilirler.…”

“…Al iyonu başlangıçta cam tozunda 4'lü bağ yapısında iken sertleşme sırasında 6'lı bağ yapısına dönüşmektedir. 36 Yapılan bir çalışmada karbomerin sertleşme mekanizması Silisyum (Si), 7tepeklinik Fosfor (P), Al ve Flor (F) kullanılarak Nükleer Manyetik Rezonans (NMR) spektrometresi ile takip edilmiş ve yavaş sertleşmenin 10 ay kadar sürdüğü görülmüştür. 34 Bununla beraber CİS'lerden farklı olarak ideal sertleşme için, sertleşme reaksiyonu sırasında ısı uygulanmalıdır.…”