Fluoreszenz und Gelbstoff im Bottnischen und Finnischen Meerbusen

Kalle, Kurt

doi:10.1007/bf02225972

Cited by 119 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…More recently Braus (1951) and his coworkers have taken up the problem, and attention is being focussed on the colored materials in sea water through the researches of Kalle (1949), Jerlov (1953) and Johnston (1955).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Shapiro

1957

Limnology & Oceanography

182

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The yellow coloring matter of natural waters has been studied with particular emphasis on Lower Linsley Pond, Connecticut.The best method of isolation was by ethyl acetate extraction of acidified evaporation residues of filtered water.The material thus obtained was a mixture of colorless and colored carboxylic acids, the colored ones fluorescing under ultra-violet light. Numerous yellow fractions were distinguished through paper chromatography, none of which showed maxima in either their visible or ultra-violet absorption spectra. Chemical tests indicated a phenolic or enolic character with probable unsaturation.Elemental analyses showed 1.4% ash, no halogens or sulfur, and resulted in an empirical formula of (ChOH62027N)n. The nitrogen was believed to be an impurity, resulting in an empirical formula of CzlHzsOll on the basis of the determined mean molecular weight of 456. The mean equivalent weight of the mixture was 228. The salts of the acids were dialysable and the acids were amorphous as shown by x-ray diffraction.Infra-red spectroscopy of various derivatives indicated a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids and admitted the possibility of unsaturation and aromaticity, although the indications are that if aromaticity exists it is relatively inconsequential. The materials were very resistant to chemical oxidation.Lower Linsley Pond surface water contained between 4.5 and 9.0 milligrams of acids per liter, of which about 40% was estimated to be yellow. Raising the pH from 3 to 11 increased the color by 50%. Solutions of the salts obeyed Beer's law in the range studied from 5 to 70 mg/L. The materials may affect organisms through alteration of light and by their buffering action. They were reasonably stable to biological decomposition over a period of 4% months. Concentrations of up to 50 mg/L had no effect on pure cultures of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi, but Hematococcus pluvialis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were stimulated in their growth by concentrations of between 5 and 50 mg/L. The materials were able to retain iron in a filterable state at pH values up to 13.2.Eleven lakes showed very similar Chromatographic patterns on the same date and on different dates. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that some of the numerous colored fractions are different salts of a small number of acids. It is concluded that the materials originate as a result of decomposition in soil and possibly in sediments as well. The name 'humolimnic acids' is suggested for the materials to indicate their probable relation but improbable equivalence with so-called 'humic' acids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Shapiro

1957

Limnology & Oceanography

182

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“…Investigations of the ultraviolet (uv) and visible (vis) absorption and fluorescence of surface seawater have been carried out by Kalle (1938Kalle ( , 1949Kalle ( , 1956Kalle ( , 1961Kalle ( , 1963Kalle ( , 1966, Jerlov (1955Jerlov ( , 1968, and others (Armstrong and Boalch, 1961;Ogura and Hanya, 1952). These authors have shown that seawater displays a smoothly increasing absorption of visible and ultraviolet light with decreasing wavelength and displays a blue fluorescence upon irradiation with ultraviolet light.…”

Section: Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

The characterization of humic substances in seawater

Stuermer¹

1975

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“…Among the most common components of the carbon extracts were (I) an insoluble white substance similar to that described by Wilson & Armstrong (1952, p. 338), (2) coloured material, possibly carotenoid, soluble in benzene, petroleum ethers, etc., (3) a fairly large proportion of brownish waxy or fatty matter, and (4) yellowish orange matter with a bright blue fluorescence in ultra-violet light (probably related to the 'gelbstoff' of Kalle, 1949). A number of other components were detected by paper chromatography and examination in ultra-violet light but could not be satisfactorily separated by preliminary attempts using column chromatography.…”

Section: Qualitative Analysis Of Organicextractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologically active compounds in the sea

Johnston

1955

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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SUMMARYThe concept of external metabolites in the sea, which has received support from biological investigations, invites chemical corroboration which, until recently, has not been forthcoming. Separations of organic matter from filtered sea water using a variety of methods are reported and a preliminary assessment made. Organic residues obtained from different open sea sources by adsorption on carbon give rise to different paper chromatogram patterns. Certain organic components of a carbon adsorbate contain substances which affect the growth of a number of marine phytoplankton organisms. Further research is planned employing methods of isolation and chromatography of the dissolved organic matter from different sea waters and the assessment of biological activity of certain fractions by means of common marine organisms. Some aspects of the significance of biologically active compounds in the sea are mentioned.

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Fluoreszenz und Gelbstoff im Bottnischen und Finnischen Meerbusen

Cited by 119 publications

References 1 publication

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1

The characterization of humic substances in seawater

Biologically active compounds in the sea

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