Fluorene exposure among PAH-exposed workers is associated with epigenetic markers related to lung cancer

Alhamdow, Ayman; Essig, Yona J; Krais, Annette M.; Gustavsson, Per; Tinnerberg, Håkan; Lindh, Christian; Hagberg, Jessika; Graff, Pål; Albin, María; Broberg, Karin

doi:10.1136/oemed-2020-106413

Cited by 28 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Urine density was measured using a digital refractometer (Refractometer 30PX, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH, USA). Details of the method have been published previously [ 13 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

Krais

Essig

Gren

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) is a renewable diesel fuel used to replace petroleum diesel. The organic compounds in HVO are poorly characterized; therefore, toxicological properties could be different from petroleum diesel exhaust. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure and effective biomarkers in 18 individuals after short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust and petroleum diesel exhaust fumes. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze urinary biomarkers. A proximity extension assay was used for the measurement of inflammatory proteins in plasma samples. Short-term (3 h) exposure to HVO exhaust (PM1 ~1 µg/m3 and ~90 µg/m3 for vehicles with and without exhaust aftertreatment systems, respectively) did not increase any exposure biomarker, whereas petroleum diesel exhaust (PM1 ~300 µg/m3) increased urinary 4-MHA, a biomarker for p-xylene. HVO exhaust from the vehicle without exhaust aftertreatment system increased urinary 4-HNE-MA, a biomarker for lipid peroxidation, from 64 ng/mL urine (before exposure) to 141 ng/mL (24 h after exposure, p < 0.001). There was no differential expression of plasma inflammatory proteins between the HVO exhaust and control exposure group. In conclusion, short-term exposure to low concentrations of HVO exhaust did not increase urinary exposure biomarkers, but caused a slight increase in lipid peroxidation associated with the particle fraction.

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“…Urine density was measured using a digital refractometer (Refractometer 30PX, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, OH, USA). Details of the method have been published previously [ 13 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

Krais

Essig

Gren

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…It is noteworthy that lung cancer is recognized by the World Health Organization as the foremost cause of cancer-related deaths. Further, it has been established that fluorene serves as a valuable biomarker for a heightened risk of lung cancer, as evidenced by observations of DNA hypomethylation [ 63 ]. This symptom can also be caused by another epigenetic marker 5hmC, which is a critical gene for embryonic development with susceptibility to PAHs exposure.…”

Section: Health Risk From Dietary Exposure To Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Evidence on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure

et al. 2023

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This review provides a comprehensive conclusion of the relationship between the intake of various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and different dietary patterns, pointing to the accompanying potential health risks. To achieve this, existing pertinent research was collected and analyzed. The collation revealed that the concentration of PAHs in food and their dietary patterns were diverse in different regions. Specifically, the concentration of PAHs in food was found to be related to the level of pollution in the area, including soil, air, and water pollution, which is then accumulated through the food chain into food that can be ingested directly by the human body, resulting in malformations in offspring, increased risk of cancer, and gene mutation. Guidebooks and dietary surveys were consulted to uncover disparities in dietary patterns, which indicated regional variations in taste preferences, traditional foods, and eating habits. Different regions are spatially categorized in this assessment by cities, countries, and continents. Notably, smoking and grilling are two of the food processing methods most likely to produce high levels of PAHs. To prevent excessive intake of PAHs from food items and attain a higher quality of life, more health education is urgently needed to promote healthy eating patterns.

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“…This illustrates that area sampling as in UAZ leads to an underestimation of personal PAH exposures. This is of concern as PAHs are carcinogenic and cardiotoxic (IARC 2014;Alhamdow et al 2017Alhamdow et al , 2020. The high ratio in the tunnels could partly be caused by the workers having their vehicles idle during tunnel maintenance, causing higher exposures than measured at the tunnel roadside, while alternative hypotheses are needed in drift 2.…”

Section: Personal Exposure Vs Underground Ambient Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Underground emissions and miners’ personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine

Gren

Krais

Assarsson

et al. 2022

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Purpose Underground diesel exhaust exposure is an occupational health risk. It is not known how recent intensified emission legislation and use of renewable fuels have reduced or altered occupational exposures. We characterized these effects on multipollutant personal exposure to diesel exhaust and underground ambient air concentrations in an underground iron ore mine. Methods Full-shift personal sampling (12 workers) of elemental carbon (EC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and equivalent black carbon (eBC) was performed. The study used and validated eBC as an online proxy for occupational exposure to EC. Ambient air sampling of these pollutants and particle number size distribution and concentration were performed in the vicinity of the workers. Urine samples (27 workers) were collected after 8 h exposure and analyzed for PAH metabolites and effect biomarkers (8-oxodG for DNA oxidative damage, 4-HNE-MA for lipid peroxidation, 3-HPMA for acrolein). Results The personal exposures (geometric mean; GM) of the participating miners were 7 µg EC m−3 and 153 µg NO2 m−3, which are below the EU occupational exposure limits. However, exposures up to 94 µg EC m−3 and 1200 µg NO2 m−3 were observed. There was a tendency that the operators of vehicles complying with sharpened emission legislation had lower exposure of EC. eBC and NO2 correlated with EC, R = 0.94 and R = 0.66, respectively. No correlation was found between EC and the sum of 16 priority PAHs (GM 1790 ng m−3). Ratios between personal exposures and ambient concentrations were similar and close to 1 for EC and NO2, but significantly higher for PAHs. Semi-volatile PAHs may not be effectively reduced by the aftertreatment systems, and ambient area sampling did not predict the personal airborne PAHs exposure well, neither did the slightly elevated concentration of urinary PAH metabolites correlate with airborne PAH exposure. Conclusion Miners’ exposures to EC and NO2 were lower than those in older studies indicating the effect of sharpened emission legislation and new technologies. Using modern vehicles with diesel particulate filter (DPF) may have contributed to the lower ambient underground PM concentration and exposures. The semi-volatile behavior of the PAHs might have led to inefficient removal in the engines aftertreatment systems and delayed removal by the workplace ventilation system due to partitioning to indoor surfaces. The results indicate that secondary emissions can be an important source of gaseous PAH exposure in the mine.

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Fluorene exposure among PAH-exposed workers is associated with epigenetic markers related to lung cancer

Cited by 28 publications

References 29 publications

Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

Recent Evidence on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure

Underground emissions and miners’ personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine

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