Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

Krais, Annette M.; Essig, Julie Y.; Gren, Louise; Vogs, Carolina; Assarsson, Eva; Dierschke, Katrin; Nielsen, Jörn; Strandberg, Bo; Pagels, Joakim; Broberg, Karin; Lindh, Christian; Gudmundsson, Anders; Wierzbicka, Aneta

doi:10.3390/ijerph18126492

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…No vehicle in this study had an external NO x reduction unit, and the implementation of one could potentially have reduced the NO x emissions and related health effects. Krais et al [ 25 ] found a small increase in lipid peroxidation (urinary 4-HNE-MA) after the HVO PM+NOx exposure, while Scholten et al [ 26 ] found no genotoxic indications from any of the exposures. From the results in this short-exposure study, we cannot exclude the potential risk of short- and long-term effects from exposure to HVO exhaust, with and without the particle fraction, from modern non-road vehicles that comply with the latest emission standards and the future OELs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, compared to petroleum diesel the toxicity of these emissions is less evaluated. Only a few controlled human exposure studies of FAME type fuels exist [ 8 , 24 ], but to the best of the authors’ knowledge there are no such studies on HVO except the co-publications concerning this study from Krais et al [ 25 ] and Scholten et al [ 26 ]. In addition, there is only one study that have investigated the acute effect in humans after exposure to diesel exhaust from vehicles with and without an aftertreatment system (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

et al. 2022

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Background Diesel engine exhaust causes adverse health effects. Meanwhile, the impact of renewable diesel exhaust, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), on human health is less known. Nineteen healthy volunteers were exposed to HVO exhaust for 3 h in a chamber with a double-blind, randomized setup. Exposure scenarios comprised of HVO exhaust from two modern non-road vehicles with 1) no aftertreatment system (‘HVOPM+NOx’ PM1: 93 µg m−3, EC: 54 µg m−3, NO: 3.4 ppm, NO2: 0.6 ppm), 2) an aftertreatment system containing a diesel oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter (‘HVONOx’ PM1: ~ 1 µg m−3, NO: 2.0 ppm, NO2: 0.7 ppm) and 3) filtered air (FA) as control. The exposure concentrations were in line with current EU occupational exposure limits (OELs) of NO, NO2, formaldehyde, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the future OEL (2023) of elemental carbon (EC). The effect on nasal patency, pulmonary function, and self-rated symptoms were assessed. Calculated predicted lung deposition of HVO exhaust particles was compared to data from an earlier diesel exhaust study. Results The average total respiratory tract deposition of PM1 during HVOPM+NOx was 27 µg h−1. The estimated deposition fraction of HVO PM1 was 40–50% higher compared to diesel exhaust PM1 from an older vehicle (earlier study), due to smaller particle sizes of the HVOPM+NOx exhaust. Compared to FA, exposure to HVOPM+NOx and HVONOx caused higher incidence of self-reported symptoms (78%, 63%, respectively, vs. 28% for FA, p < 0.03). Especially, exposure to HVOPM+NOx showed 40–50% higher eye and throat irritation symptoms. Compared to FA, a decrement in nasal patency was found for the HVONOx exposures (− 18.1, 95% CI: − 27.3 to − 8.8 L min−1, p < 0.001), and for the HVOPM+NOx (− 7.4 (− 15.6 to 0.8) L min−1, p = 0.08). Overall, no clinically significant change was indicated in the pulmonary function tests (spirometry, peak expiratory flow, forced oscillation technique). Conclusion Short-term exposure to HVO exhaust concentrations corresponding to EU OELs for one workday did not cause adverse pulmonary function changes in healthy subjects. However, an increase in self-rated mild irritation symptoms, and mild decrease in nasal patency after both HVO exposures, may indicate irritative effects from exposure to HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles, with and without aftertreatment systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

et al. 2022

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“…Further, the participants were told to try to live as normal and similar as possible before each exposure session. Previous studies have investigated pulmonary function and self-rated symptoms (Gren et al, 2022 ), urinary PAH metabolites and biomarkers (Krais et al, 2021 ), and genotoxic responses (Scholten et al, 2021 ), respectively, in response to the exposures.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Cardiovascular Effects of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Exhaust

et al. 2022

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Ambient air pollution is recognized as a key risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality contributing to the global disease burden. The use of renewable diesel fuels, such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), have increased in recent years and its impact on human health are not completely known. The present study investigated changes in cardiovascular tone in response to exposure to diluted HVO exhaust. The study participants, 19 healthy volunteers, were exposed in a chamber on four separate occasions for 3 h and in a randomized order to: (1) HVO exhaust from a wheel loader without exhaust aftertreatment, (2) HVO exhaust from a wheel loader with an aftertreatment system, (3) clean air enriched with dry NaCl salt particles, and (4) clean air. Synchronized electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals were recorded throughout the exposure sessions. Pulse decomposition analysis (PDA) was applied to characterize PPG pulse morphology, and heart rate variability (HRV) indexes as well as pulse transit time (PTT) indexes were computed. Relative changes of PDA features, HRV features and PTT features at 1, 2, and 3 h after onset of the exposure was obtained for each participant and exposure session. The PDA index A13, reflecting vascular compliance, increased significantly in both HVO exposure sessions but not in the clean air or NaCl exposure sessions. However, the individual variation was large and the differences between exposure sessions were not statistically significant.

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“…Additionally, we analyzed for 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA), a marker for acrolein; 4-hydroxynonenal mercapturic acid (4-HNE-MA), a marker for lipid peroxidation; and 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), a marker for DNA damage. Method details are described in Krais et al ( 2021 ) and in Supplemental Information.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Population A study on short-term diesel exhaust exposure (3 h) in which healthy humans were exposed to diesel exhaust, including 7500 ng m −3 PAHs (16 US EPA PAHs (Wierzbicka et al 2014)), in a chamber, did not find urinary PAH metabolites exceeding background levels (Krais et al 2021). Even though the 8 h normalized levels (7500 × 3 h/8) would be similar to those of this study (2700 vs. 1500 ng m −3 of total PAHs in this study), the longer exposure time in this study (i.e., urine collected after 8 h exposure) could cause the increase in urinary PAH metabolites.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Underground emissions and miners’ personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine

Gren

Krais

Assarsson

et al. 2022

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Purpose Underground diesel exhaust exposure is an occupational health risk. It is not known how recent intensified emission legislation and use of renewable fuels have reduced or altered occupational exposures. We characterized these effects on multipollutant personal exposure to diesel exhaust and underground ambient air concentrations in an underground iron ore mine. Methods Full-shift personal sampling (12 workers) of elemental carbon (EC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and equivalent black carbon (eBC) was performed. The study used and validated eBC as an online proxy for occupational exposure to EC. Ambient air sampling of these pollutants and particle number size distribution and concentration were performed in the vicinity of the workers. Urine samples (27 workers) were collected after 8 h exposure and analyzed for PAH metabolites and effect biomarkers (8-oxodG for DNA oxidative damage, 4-HNE-MA for lipid peroxidation, 3-HPMA for acrolein). Results The personal exposures (geometric mean; GM) of the participating miners were 7 µg EC m−3 and 153 µg NO2 m−3, which are below the EU occupational exposure limits. However, exposures up to 94 µg EC m−3 and 1200 µg NO2 m−3 were observed. There was a tendency that the operators of vehicles complying with sharpened emission legislation had lower exposure of EC. eBC and NO2 correlated with EC, R = 0.94 and R = 0.66, respectively. No correlation was found between EC and the sum of 16 priority PAHs (GM 1790 ng m−3). Ratios between personal exposures and ambient concentrations were similar and close to 1 for EC and NO2, but significantly higher for PAHs. Semi-volatile PAHs may not be effectively reduced by the aftertreatment systems, and ambient area sampling did not predict the personal airborne PAHs exposure well, neither did the slightly elevated concentration of urinary PAH metabolites correlate with airborne PAH exposure. Conclusion Miners’ exposures to EC and NO2 were lower than those in older studies indicating the effect of sharpened emission legislation and new technologies. Using modern vehicles with diesel particulate filter (DPF) may have contributed to the lower ambient underground PM concentration and exposures. The semi-volatile behavior of the PAHs might have led to inefficient removal in the engines aftertreatment systems and delayed removal by the workplace ventilation system due to partitioning to indoor surfaces. The results indicate that secondary emissions can be an important source of gaseous PAH exposure in the mine.

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Biomarkers after Controlled Inhalation Exposure to Exhaust from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

Lung function and self-rated symptoms in healthy volunteers after exposure to hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) exhaust with and without particles

Acute Cardiovascular Effects of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil Exhaust

Underground emissions and miners’ personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine

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