Fluid catalytic co-processing of bio-oils with petroleum intermediates: Comparison of vapour phase low pressure hydrotreating and catalytic cracking as pretreatment

Eschenbacher, Andreas; Myrstad, Trond; Bech, Niels; Thi, Hang Dao; Auersvald, Miloš; Jensen, Anker Degn

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121198

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…In this way, the enhancement of properties (density and viscosity) and composition (reduction of water and carboxylic acids) of bio-oil is of a paramount importance. 205,290 Moreover, the H 2 requirement for this mild treatment is lower. Results at laboratory scale and pilot plants suggest the viability of cofeeding VGO with 10% hydrotreated bio-oil, assuming 2000 dry tonnes per day biomass pyrolysis plant and bio-oil cost of $50−60/bbl.…”

Section: And Especiallymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The upgrading of bio-oil properties through mild HDO (low pressure and temperature) has also attracted attention as a way of coprocessing a partially deoxygenated bio-oil with refinery streams as vacuum gas oil (VGO). In this way, the enhancement of properties (density and viscosity) and composition (reduction of water and carboxylic acids) of bio-oil is of a paramount importance. , Moreover, the H 2 requirement for this mild treatment is lower. Results at laboratory scale and pilot plants suggest the viability of cofeeding VGO with 10% hydrotreated bio-oil, assuming 2000 dry tonnes per day biomass pyrolysis plant and bio-oil cost of $50–60/bbl .…”

Section: Gaps and Challenges Of Bio-oil Hdo Within A Biorefinerymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances and Challenges in the Valorization of Bio-Oil: Hydrodeoxygenation Using Carbon-Supported Catalysts

et al. 2021

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Biomass valorization to produce fuels and platform chemicals is one of the most relevant strategies to change the energetic scenario and the currently unsustainable petrochemical industry. Pyrolysis offers the possibility of integrating biomassderived oils (bio-oil) into this well-established industry, and the adaptation of already in-use technology, as hydrotreatment units, eases this transition. This new concept of biorefinery could also be improved from an environmental point of view by using carbonbased catalysts produced from biomass waste. In this work, we have reviewed hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oil as a key process for the development of these biorefineries. The most relevant results on HDO mechanisms and catalysts are highlighted, with the main focus on activated carbon-supported catalysts. Special attention has been paid to those variables and requirements for a potential industrial implementation, such as the use of raw bio-oil, continuous reactors, and available kinetic models in the literature for reactor design. In addition, a final critical revision has been made with the perspectives, main gaps, and challenges for the integration of bio-oil HDO in a biorefinery.

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Section: And Especiallymentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Gaps and Challenges Of Bio-oil Hdo Within A Biorefinerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Challenges in the Valorization of Bio-Oil: Hydrodeoxygenation Using Carbon-Supported Catalysts

et al. 2021

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“…Examples include the stability against aging, TAN, basic nitrogen content, and the content of the heteroatoms S and N, which are detrimental for the further upgradability of bio-oil product from CFP or CFHP. 147,149,444 The upgradability is further addressed in section 5.3. Figure 16 summarizes results obtained under atmospheric hydrogen (<1 bar p H 2 ) conditions with active HDO catalysts, including both low and high ash content feedstock.…”

Section: Challenges Gaps and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From agricultural residues, also higher basic nitrogen content remains in the bio-oils compared to fossil crude oils. 147,149 Since basic nitrogen compounds are prone to coke formation by attaching to the acidic sites of the FCC catalyst, blend ratios need to be limited in FCC coprocessing approaches to avoid a negative impact on the product distribution. 149 For more details on the reaction pathways occurring in the catalytic upgrading of biomass pyrolysis liquids, readers are referred to a recent dedicated review on that topic.…”

Section: Reaction Mechanisms and Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Recent Research on Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis and Low-Pressure Hydropyrolysis

2021

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Direct catalytic upgrading of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis vapors can occur in different process configurations, under either inert or hydrogen-containing atmospheres. This review summarizes the myriad of different catalysts studied and benchmarks their deoxygenation performance by also taking into account the resulting decrease in bio-oil yield compared to a thermal pyrolysis oil. Generally, catalyst modifications aim at improving the initial selectivity of the catalyst to more desirable oxygen-free hydrocarbons and/or improving the catalysts’ stability against deactivation by coking. Optimizing the pore structure and acid site density/distribution of solid acid catalysts can slow down deactivation and prolong activity. Basic catalysts such as MgO and Na2O/γ-Al2O3 are excellent ketonization catalysts favoring oxygen removal via decarboxylation, whereas solid acid catalysts such as zeolites primarily favor decarbonylation and dehydration. Basic catalysts can therefore produce bio-oils with higher H/C ratios. However, since their coke formation per surface area is higher, compared to a microporous HZSM-5 zeolite, precoking (or imperfect regeneration) of these basic catalysts and operating for longer time-on-stream can be approaches to improve the oil yield. In-line vapor-phase upgrading with a dual bed comprising a solid acid catalyst followed by a basic catalyst active in ketonization and aldol condensation further improves deoxygenation while maintaining high bio-oil carbon recovery. Also low-cost catalysts such as iron-rich red mud have deoxygenation activity. An improved bio-oil carbon recoverycompared at a similar level of oxygen removalcan be obtained when changing from an inert atmosphere to a hydrogen-containing atmosphere and using an effective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) catalyst. To keep costs low, this can be conducted at near-atmospheric pressure conditions. Pt/TiO2 and MoO3/TiO2 showed high activity and reduced coke formation. Stable performance has been demonstrated using Pt/TiO2 for 100+ reaction/regeneration cycles with woody biomass feedstock. If future works can demonstrate the same durability for lower-cost biomass containing higher contents of ash, N, and S, this would considerably boost the commercial viability of near-atmospheric pressure HDO. Further research should be directed to testing the durability of lower-cost HDO catalysts such as MoO3/TiO2 and further improving the activity and stability of lower-cost catalysts.

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“…An interesting option of upgrading bio-oils is to coprocess them with usual hydrocarbon feedstocks in order to take advantage of existing processes such as FCC or hydrocracking and to avoid the need for developing specific, new processes. − It is evident, then, that the mechanisms of the chemical reactions have to incorporate the interaction between hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds, among which hydrogen transfer reactions are quite controversial …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Reaction Pathways in the Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids

et al. 2021

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Bio-oils are the liquid products from the pyrolysis of biomass, which captured pronounced attention and showed relevance as an alternative source of fuels and chemicals. Bio-oils are complex mixtures of a large number of components, mostly oxygenated compounds, including many different chemical functionalities, which require upgrading (removal of oxygen) to be useful as fuels. As acid or bifunctional metal/acid catalysts are used in upgrading, the components in the mixture will be subjected to many different chemical reactions, including, among others, decarboxylation, decarbonylation, dehydration, demethoxylation, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, cracking, isomerization, and hydrogen transfer. Purely thermal reactions are also to be produced in upgrading processes. Thus, the set of chemical reactions is exceptionally intricate. This review provides broad information about the mechanisms of numerous reactions which can take place, based on a transversal view, that is, the emphasis is posed on the reactions and the corresponding descriptions embrace the different chemical groups.

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Fluid catalytic co-processing of bio-oils with petroleum intermediates: Comparison of vapour phase low pressure hydrotreating and catalytic cracking as pretreatment

Cited by 19 publications

References 92 publications

Advances and Challenges in the Valorization of Bio-Oil: Hydrodeoxygenation Using Carbon-Supported Catalysts

Advances and Challenges in the Valorization of Bio-Oil: Hydrodeoxygenation Using Carbon-Supported Catalysts

A Review of Recent Research on Catalytic Biomass Pyrolysis and Low-Pressure Hydropyrolysis

Review on Reaction Pathways in the Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids

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