Flowers, Fruits, and Pollen of Florissantia, an Extinct Malvalean Genus From the Eocene and Oligocene of Western North America

Manchester, Steven R.

doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13689.x

Cited by 56 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the results reported here must be compared and combined with data from other genes (especially nuclear), as well as with morphological data. The significance of transversely septate anthers seen in Nesogordonia (/Dombeyoideae) and fossil Florissantia (Manchester, 1992) should be evaluated with regard to the ancestral condition of stamens of /Malvatheca. Careful assessments of the morphology and development of other, seemingly homoplasious structures, such as epicalices (cf.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data

Alverson

Whitlock

Nyffeler

et al. 1999

American J of Botany

330

138

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The monophyly of the group comprising the core malvalean families, Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Tiliaceae, was recently confirmed by molecular studies, but the internal structure of this clade is poorly understood. In this study, we examined sequences of the chloroplast ndhF gene (aligned length 2226 bp) from 70 exemplars representing 35 of the 39 putative tribes of core Malvales. The monophyly of one traditional family, the Malvaceae, was supported in the trees resulting from these data, but the other three families, as traditionally circumscribed, are nonmonophyletic. In addition, the following relationships were well supported: (1) a clade, /Malvatheca, consisting of traditional Malvaceae and Bombacaceae (except some members of tribe Durioneae), plus Fremontodendron and Chiranthodendron, which are usually treated as Sterculiaceae; (2) a clade, /Malvadendrina, supported by a unique 21-bp (base pair) deletion and consisting of /Malvatheca, plus five additional subclades, including representatives of Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae, and Durionieae; (3) a clade, /Byttneriina, with genera traditionally assigned to several tribes of Tiliaceae, plus exemplars of tribes Byttnerieae, Hermannieae, and Lasiopetaleae of Sterculiaceae. The most striking departures from traditional classifications are the following: Durio and relatives appear to be more closely related to Helicteres and Reevesia (Sterculiaceae) than to Bombacaceae; several genera traditionally considered as Bombacaceae (Camptostemon, Matisia, Phragmotheca, and Quararibea) or Sterculiaceae (Chiranthodendron and Fremontodendron) appear as sister lineages to the traditional Malvaceae; the traditional tribe Helictereae (Sterculiaceae) is polyphyletic; and Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae, as traditionally circumscribed, represent polyphyletic groups that cannot sensibly be maintained with their traditional limits for purposes of classification. We discuss morphological characters and conclude that there has been extensive homoplasy in characters previously used to delineate major taxonomic groups in core Malvales. The topologies here also suggest that /Malvatheca do not have as a synapormophy monothecate anthers, as has been previously supposed but, instead, may be united by dithecate, transversely septate (polysporangiate) anthers, as found in basal members of both /Bombacoideae and /Malvoideae. Thus, "monothecate" anthers may have been derived at least twice, independently, within the /Bombacoideae (core Bombacaceae) and /Malvoideae (traditional Malvaceae).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ndhF sequence data

Alverson

Whitlock

Nyffeler

et al. 1999

American J of Botany

330

138

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“…Although flowers are relatively rare in these fossil floras, the durable calyx of Florissantia was readily preserved and the fruits, still attached to the calyx and receptacle, serve as a dispersal unit (Manchester 1992). This distinctive malvalean flower has been found at Bridge Creek, and Republic, where specimens bearing petals have been recovered.…”

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confidence: 98%

Floristic composition and comparison of middle Eocene to late Eocene and Oligocene floras in North America

DeVore¹,

Pigg²

2010

Bull. Geosci.

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In comparison to the early and middle Eocene, the late Eocene and particularly the Oligocene floral record is sparse in North America. Changing tectonic, environmental and climatic conditions during these times resulted in the development of fewer depositional systems favorable for fossil preservation. Floras are known from the Southeast, the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains. Each area has a distinct geological history that shaped both the vegetation adjacent to sites of deposition as well as the depositional environments themselves. The floristic change from middle to late Eocene, and then to Oligocene reflects a changing paleoclimate from the thermal maximum to cooler and drier conditions in the late Paleogene. In the present paper, major middle, and then late Eocene and finally Oligocene floras of North America are summarized, with an emphasis on their regional geology, depositional setting, paleoclimate and significant floral elements. The North American occurrences of coryphoid palms (Sabal) and cycads are reviewed in relationship to their biogeographic history. Finally, we suggest several directions for future research that will further illuminate the floristic changes from middle, to late Eocene and Oligocene that occurred in North America.•

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“…5 ; Table 2 ). The earliest fossils of Malvaceae extend back to the upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) ( Manchester 1992( Manchester , 1994Muller 1984 ); however, fossil pollen allied to Malveae first appears in Eocene deposits in Australia, New Zealand, and South America ( Mildenhall 1980 ;Pocknall 1982 ;Zamaloa and Romero 1990 ;Barreda 1993 ;Macphail 1997 ;Dettmann and Clifford 2000 ;Mautino et al 2004 ;Iglesias et al 2007 ). Fossil fruits and leaves of Malvaceae are also reported from the mid-Eocene of Argentina ( Wilf et al 2005 ;Barreda et al 2007 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%