Flowers and Fungi Use Scents to Mimic Each Other

Kaiser, Roman

doi:10.1126/science.1119499

Cited by 89 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While Dracula felix has little human-observable fragrance, D. lafleurii smells mushroom-like and mushroom fragrance compounds have been isolated from other Dracula species (Kaiser 2006). Flies approached D. lafleurii flowers with a seemingly scent-oriented flight (directly, in a spiral or in a zigzag pattern), and some hovered near the labellum before landing on it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lord of the flies: pollination of Dracula orchids

Endara¹,

Grimaldi²,

Roy³

2010

Lankesteriana

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La forma y el olor de los labelos de las orquídeas del género Dracula se asemejan a hongos, y por mucho tiempo se ha mantenido la hipótesis de que estas orquídeas mimetizan hongos y dípteros con ciclos de vida asociados con los hongos (micófilos) accidentalmente polinizarían estas flores mientras ovopositan. La morfología floral, los polinizadores y mecanismos de polinización fueron estudiados en Dracula lafleurii Luer & Dalström and D. felix (Luer) Luer en un bosque nublado de Ecuador. Estas orquídeas son efectivamente visitadas en su mayoría por moscas micófilas pero son polinizadas únicamente por moscas drosofilidas del género Zygothrica cuyos ciclos de vida están estrechamente asociados con hongos. Estas moscas realizan despliegues de cortejo y apareamiento en las superficies de las flores de Dracula estudiadas y en este proceso también las polinizan, aparentemente sin ovopositar. El mecanismo de polinización de Dracula ocurre cuando los tóraxes de los polinizadores son atrapados por los márgenes incurvados del rostelo, lo cual crea un ángulo entre el escutelo y el abdomen apropiado para la remoción y deposición de los polinios, una característica que hasta ahora no había sido reportada en las orquídeas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lord of the flies: pollination of Dracula orchids

Endara¹,

Grimaldi²,

Roy³

2010

Lankesteriana

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“…1). With the help of a dominating floral lip that is imitating the lamellated cap of a fungus, the orchid triggers the female fungus fly to deposit its eggs in the fake mushroom cap, thereby pollinating the orchid (Kaiser 2006a) (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Natural Scentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of odors in the fragrance industry

et al. 2009

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Scents form the basis for the fragrance industry and various research activities have been developed in different scientific disciplines all being linked by a common interest in odors and odor perception. In this paper, four different topics have been selected for a short discussion. Following a short overview on the history of perfumery, the first topic (Natural scents) is providing some insight into the investigation of natural scents and how this work has strongly stimulated fragrance creation as well as the quest to find new odoriferous substances for the perfumer's palette. The second subject (Fragrance chemistry) gives a historical overview over the chemistry of fragrances and briefly describes the rational behind the synthesis and composition of new scents. Body odors and their biochemical formation concern the third topic (Body odor biochemistry) which describes our current understanding of this scientifically interesting field and how knowledge may find use to improve future deodorant products. The fourth subject (Olfactory mechanisms) deals with the biochemistry in the human nose when odorants are activating olfactory receptors and enzymes appear to rapidly metabolize the inhaled odorous stimuli. This review does not attempt to be comprehensive, but it describes selected successes in the fragrance industry and the motivation behind conducting various types of research. Ultimately, the activities are aiming to bring new ingredients onto the market and improve the quality of scented products but also to advance our understanding of the power of communication through fragrance.

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“…S1 for images of co-occurring mushrooms) (Vogel, 1978;Dentinger & Roy, 2010). Although previous studies have shown that some Dracula species produce the same volatile compounds that give mushrooms their characteristic odors (Kaiser, 1993(Kaiser, , 2006Policha, 2014), and that they are pollinated by mushroom-visiting drosophilid flies ( Fig. 1) (Endara et al, 2010;Policha, 2014), the relative importance of visual and olfactory floral traits to pollinator attraction remain unknown in this system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling visual and olfactory signals in mushroom‐mimicking Dracula orchids using realistic three‐dimensional printed flowers

et al. 2016

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SummaryFlowers use olfactory and visual signals to communicate with pollinators. Disentangling the relative contributions and potential synergies between signals remains a challenge. Understanding the perceptual biases exploited by floral mimicry illuminates the evolution of these signals. Here, we disentangle the olfactory and visual components of Dracula lafleurii, which mimics mushrooms in size, shape, color and scent, and is pollinated by mushroom-associated flies.To decouple signals, we used three-dimensional printing to produce realistic artificial flower molds that were color matched and cast using scent-free surgical silicone, to which we could add scent. We used GC-MS to measure scents in co-occurring mushrooms, and related orchids, and used these scents in field experiments.By combining silicone flower parts with real floral organs, we created chimeras that identified the mushroom-like labellum as a source of volatile attraction. In addition, we showed remarkable overlap in the volatile chemistry between D. lafleurii and co-occurring mushrooms.The characters defining the genus Dracula -a mushroom-like, 'gilled' labellum and a showy, patterned calyx -enhance pollinator attraction by exploiting the visual and chemosensory perceptual biases of drosophilid flies. Our techniques for the manipulation of complex traits in a nonmodel system not conducive to gene silencing or selective breeding are useful for other systems.

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Flowers and Fungi Use Scents to Mimic Each Other

Cited by 89 publications

References 9 publications

Lord of the flies: pollination of Dracula orchids

Lord of the flies: pollination of Dracula orchids

Investigation of odors in the fragrance industry

Disentangling visual and olfactory signals in mushroom‐mimicking Dracula orchids using realistic three‐dimensional printed flowers

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