Flowering time regulation in perennial ryegrass

Wang, Junping; Forster, John W.

doi:10.1007/s10681-017-1896-2

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…This review will not consider in detail the recent findings at molecular scale. However, it should be mentioned here that it has been shown that the expression of a limited number of genes i.e., VRN1 , VRN2 and MADS-box genes play a key role in the genetic variations of the primary induction ( Colasanti and Coneva, 2009 ; Seppänen et al, 2010 ; Ergon et al, 2013 ; Wang and Forster, 2017 ).…”

Section: Floral Induction and Reproductive Development At Tiller Scalementioning

confidence: 98%

“…These levels of organization are suitable for studying the interactions between morphogenesis and phenology, which are often neglected in phenological studies. Hormonal signaling and gene expression take place at lower levels of organization, their role on the reproductive development was reviewed by Ionescu et al (2017) and Wang and Forster (2017) . Nevertheless, the current knowledge of these levels does not allow us to infer quantitative relationships between environmental condition and plant phenotype.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions Between Environment and Genetic Diversity in Perennial Grass Phenology: A Review of Processes at Plant Scale and Modeling

Rouet

Barillot

Leclercq³

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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In perennial grasses, the reproductive development consists of major phenological stages which highly determine the seasonal variations of grassland biomass production in terms of quantity and quality. The reproductive development is regulated by climatic conditions through complex interactions subjected to high genetic diversity. Understanding these interactions and their impact on plant development and growth is essential to optimize grassland management and identify the potential consequences of climate change. Here, we review the main stages of reproductive development, from floral induction to heading, i.e., spike emergence, considering the effect of the environmental conditions and the genetic diversity observed in perennial grasses. We first describe the determinants and consequences of reproductive development at individual tiller scale before examining the interactions between plant tillers and their impact on grassland perenniality. Then, we review the available grassland models through their ability to account for the complexity of reproductive development and genetic × environmental interactions. This review shows that (1) The reproductive development of perennial grasses is characterized by a large intraspecific diversity which has the same order of magnitude as the diversity observed between species or environmental conditions. (2) The reproductive development is determined by complex interactions between the processes of floral induction and morphogenesis of the tiller. (3) The perenniality of a plant is dependent on the reproductive behavior of each tiller. (4) Published models only partly explain the complex interactions between morphogenesis and climate on reproductive development. (5) Introducing more explicitly the underlying processes involved in reproductive development in models would improve our ability to anticipate grassland behavior in future growth conditions.

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Section: Floral Induction and Reproductive Development At Tiller Scalementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions Between Environment and Genetic Diversity in Perennial Grass Phenology: A Review of Processes at Plant Scale and Modeling

Rouet

Barillot

Leclercq³

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…For example, a delay in flowering time will increase forage productivity and quality as global warming will advance leaf emergence, green up and flowering, but also accelerate leaf senescence. Available reports demonstrate that genetic modification of flowering time of forage grass species such as red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is possible (Jensen et al, 2004;Wang and Forster, 2017). Similarly, delaying leaf senescence can further enhance seasonal forage productivity as stay-green phenotypes in wheat The physiological traits and their effects on crop plants are summarized from the reports published elsewhere (Reynolds and Trethowan, 2007;Reynolds et al, 2009;Reynolds et al, 2015).…”

Section: Phenotyping For Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Resource Use-efmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing Bromegrass Breeding Through Imaging Phenotyping and Genomic Selection: A Review

et al. 2020

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Breeding forage crops for high yields of digestible biomass along with improved resourceuse efficiency and wide adaptation is essential to meet future challenges in forage production imposed by growing demand, declining resources, and changing climate. Bromegrasses (Bromus spp.) are economically important forage species in the temperate regions of world, but genetic gain in forage yield of bromegrass is relatively low. In particular, limited breeding efforts have been made in improving abiotic stress tolerance and resource-use efficiency. We conducted a literature review on bromegrass breeding achievements and challenges, global climate change impacts on bromegrass species, and explored the feasibility of applying high-throughput imaging phenotyping techniques and genomic selection for further advances in forage yield and quality selection. Overall genetic gain in forage yield of bromegrass has been low, but genetic improvement in forage yield of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) is somewhat higher than that of meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm). This low genetic gain in bromegrass yield is due to a few factors such as its genetic complexity, lack of long-term breeding effort, and inadequate plant adaptation to changing climate. Studies examining the impacts of global climate change on bromegrass species show that global warming, heat stress, and drought have negative effects on forage yield. A number of useful physiological traits have been identified for genetic improvement to minimize yield loss. Available reports suggest that high-throughput imaging phenotyping techniques, including visual and infrared thermal imaging, imaging hyperspectral spectroscopy, and imaging chlorophyll fluorescence, are capable of capturing images of morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits related to plant growth, yield, and adaptation to abiotic stresses at different scales of organization. The more complex traits such as photosynthetic radiation-use efficiency, water-use efficiency, and nitrogen-use efficiency can be effectively assessed by utilizing combinations of imaging hyperspectral spectroscopy, infrared thermal imaging, and imaging chlorophyll fluorescence techniques in a breeding program. Genomic selection has been applied in the breeding of forage species and the applications show its potential in high ploidy, outcrossing species like bromegrass to improve the accuracy of parental selection and improve

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“…Ryegrass has been the subject of many flowering time studies, primarily using quantitative trait analysis, and a number of important flowering time genes have been identified (reviewed by Wang and Forster, 2017 ). VRN1 has been identified in ryegrass, and natural variation in the first intron affects vernalization response ( Jensen et al, 2005 ; Andersen et al, 2006 ; Asp et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Allelic variation at FT genes underlying these QTL has not yet been described. However, variation at the promoter of LpFT3 , a putative ortholog of FT / VRN3 genes from other grasses, has been proposed to impact flowering time in a panel of different ryegrass germplasms ( Skøt et al, 2011 ; Wang and Forster, 2017 ). No ortholog of VRN2 has been thoroughly described in ryegrass, although a locus on LG4 and a partial sequence have been reported ( Paina et al, 2016 ; Woods et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and Characterization of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Vernalization Genes

et al. 2021

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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is a temperate grass species commonly used as pasture for livestock. Flowering (heading) of ryegrass impacts metabolizable energy content and seed yield, therefore this trait is important for both farmers and seed producers. In related grass species, the VRN genes (VRN1-3) have been largely implicated in the determination of vernalization response and are responsible for much of the intra-species variation in this trait. Many other important flowering-time regulators have been cataloged in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon; however, in several cases, such as VRN2, their ryegrass homologs have not been well-characterized. Here, ryegrass homologs of important flowering time genes from B. distachyon were identified through available synteny data and sequence similarity. Phylogenetic analysis of VRN3/FT-like and VRN2-like genes was performed to elucidate these families further. The expression patterns of these genes were assessed during vernalization. This confirmed the key roles played by LpVRN1 and LpFT3 in the promotion of flowering. Furthermore, two orthologs of VRN2 identified here, as well as an ortholog of CO9, were expressed prior to vernalization, and were repressed in flowering plants, suggesting a role in floral repression. Significant variability in expression of these flowering pathway genes in diverse genotypes was detected and may underlie variation in flowering time and vernalization response.

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Flowering time regulation in perennial ryegrass

Cited by 7 publications

References 70 publications

Interactions Between Environment and Genetic Diversity in Perennial Grass Phenology: A Review of Processes at Plant Scale and Modeling

Interactions Between Environment and Genetic Diversity in Perennial Grass Phenology: A Review of Processes at Plant Scale and Modeling

Advancing Bromegrass Breeding Through Imaging Phenotyping and Genomic Selection: A Review

Identification and Characterization of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Vernalization Genes

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