Flowering phenology influences seed production and outcrossing rate in populations of an alpine snowbed shrub, Phyllodoce aleutica: effects of pollinators and self-incompatibility

Kameyama, Yuichi; Kudo, Gaku

doi:10.1093/aob/mcp037

Cited by 59 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…Changes in phenology potentially impact organism reproduction, population survival, species boundaries, and ecosystem service (6)(7)(8). However, despite the importance of phenological changes (9,10), data sources are limited (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Herbarium specimens show contrasting phenological responses to Himalayan climate

Hart

Salick

Ranjitkar

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

125

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Responses by flowering plants to climate change are complex and only beginning to be understood. Through analyses of 10,295 herbarium specimens of Himalayan Rhododendron collected by plant hunters and botanists since 1884, we were able to separate these responses into significant components. We found a lack of directional change in mean flowering time over the past 45 y of rapid warming. However, over the full 125 y of collections, mean flowering time shows a significant response to year-to-year changes in temperature, and this response varies with season of warming. Mean flowering advances with annual warming (2.27 d earlier per 1°C warming), and also is delayed with fall warming (2.54 d later per 1°C warming). Annual warming may advance flowering through positive effects on overwintering bud formation, whereas fall warming may delay flowering through an impact on chilling requirements. The lack of a directional response suggests that contrasting phenological responses to temperature changes may obscure temperature sensitivity in plants. By drawing on large collections from multiple herbaria, made over more than a century, we show how these data may inform studies even of remote localities, and we highlight the increasing value of these and other natural history collections in understanding longterm change.phenology | global warming I n an era of ongoing climate change (1), shifts in seasonal timing of life history events (phenology) are among the first and the most important responses seen in biological systems (2-5). Changes in phenology potentially impact organism reproduction, population survival, species boundaries, and ecosystem service (6-8). However, despite the importance of phenological changes (9, 10), data sources are limited (11). Satellite imagery (12), experimental studies (13), and modern observational records of phenology (11,14) are temporally restricted to the last few decades. Although historical phenological records kept by scientists, amateur naturalists, or for cultural reasons (15-17) may extend much further, these are often limited in geographic range, and tend to focus on North America and Europe (but see ref. 18).Such records have not been found for the Himalayan region, an area of particular concern when considering climate change. Rapid temperature increases and changes in precipitation, in combination with the importance of Himalayan snowpack and glaciers to water supply and monsoon cycles, make the region one of the most threatened nonpolar areas of the world (1,19). Recent climate change is impacting Himalayan biological systems, including those upon which humans rely (20-23).Despite its remoteness, the botanical richness of Yulong Mountain (27°N, 100.2°E), at the eastern limit of the Himalayan region, has made it a center of botanical collection since the late 19th century. Yulong Mountain was home to the prolific plant hunters George Forrest (collecting 1904-1930) and Joseph Rock (collecting 1918-1948). Other early collectors in the area included Jean Marie Delavayi, Heinrich ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbarium specimens show contrasting phenological responses to Himalayan climate

Hart

Salick

Ranjitkar

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

125

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“…In the alpine ecosystems of the Northern hemisphere, bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are highly effective pollinators, and their activity varies considerably as the alpine plant growing season progresses, resulting in a clear seasonal trend in visitation frequency to flowers (Kameyama and Kudo 2009). Fruit-set success in beepollinated alpine plants varies, reflecting the seasonality of bumblebee activity (Kudo and Suzuki 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the interference effect of self-pollen deposition on seed production was not tested in our previous study. If fertilization with outcross pollen has priority over self-fertilization in a situation with mixed pollination, the effect of self-pollen deposition on seed production may be small (Kameyama and Kudo 2009). Furthermore, we did not previously document the relationship between the foraging behavior of bumblebees and geitonogamous pollination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollination Efficiency of Bumblebee Queens and Workers in the Alpine Shrub Rhododendron aureum

Kudo¹,

Hirao²,

Kawai³

2011

International Journal of Plant Sciences

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Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Rhododendron aureum is a weakly self-compatible alpine shrub pollinated by bumblebees. Flower visitation frequency and foraging behavior differed between queen bumblebees and workers. Queens exhibited less frequent flower visits, longer flight distances between inflorescences, and a smaller number of sequential inflorescence visits within patches than did worker bees. Flowering in early-snowmelt populations occurred in June, when only overwintered queens were available, while flowering in late-snowmelt populations occurred from late July to August, when frequent visits by workers were common. The fruit to flower ratio per inflorescence was lower in early-snowmelt populations due to quantitative pollen limitation, while the seed to ovule ratio per fruit was lower in late-snowmelt populations. This is because geitonogamous pollination by workers was common later in the season, which resulted in a high abortion rate of self-pollinated seeds, that is, qualitative pollen limitation. Thus, pollination efficiency, or the type of pollen limitation, shifts during the flowering season, reflecting the seasonal life cycle of bumblebees in the ecosystem. Many of the self-fertilized seeds aborted due to high inbreeding depression, and the outcrossing rate was ;80% regardless of season. The University of Chicago Press

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“…Early and late plants are therefore likely to come into contact with different herbivores and pollinators (e.g. Kameyama and Kudo, 2009). This small-scale heterogeneity in selection could play a role in the maintenance of phenotypic variation in plant populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal change in a pollinator community and the maintenance of style length variation in Mertensia fusiformis (Boraginaceae)

et al. 2011

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† Background and Aims In sub-alpine habitats, patchiness in snowpack produces marked, small-scale variation in flowering phenology. Plants in early-and late-melting patches are therefore likely to experience very different conditions during their flowering periods. Mertensia fusiformis is an early-flowering perennial that varies conspicuously in style length within and among populations. The hypothesis that style length represents an adaptation to local flowering time was tested. Specifically, it was hypothesized that lower air temperatures and higher frost risk would favour short-styled plants (with stigmas more shielded by corollas) in early-flowering patches, but that the pollen-collecting behaviour of flower visitors in late-flowering patches would favour long-styled plants. † Methods Floral morphology was measured, temperatures were monitored and pollinators were observed in several matched pairs of early and late populations. To evaluate effects of cold temperatures on plants of different style lengths, experimental pollinations were conducted during mornings (warm) and evenings (cool), and on flowers that either had or had not experienced a prior frost. The effectiveness of different pollinators was quantified as seed set following single visits to plants with relatively short or long styles. † Key Results Late-flowering populations experienced warmer temperatures than early-flowering populations and a different suite of pollinators. Nectar-foraging bumble-bee queens and male solitary bees predominated in early populations, whereas pollen-collecting female solitary bees were more numerous in later sites. Pollinators differed significantly in their abilities to transfer pollen to stigmas at different heights, in accordance with our prediction. However, temperature and frost sensitivity did not differ between long-and short-styled plants. Although plants in late-flowering patches tended to have longer styles than those in early patches, this difference was not consistent. † Conclusions Seasonal change in pollinator-mediated selection on style length may help maintain variation in this trait in M. fusiformis, but adaptation to local flowering time is not apparent. The prevalence of short styles in these populations requires further explanation.

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Flowering phenology influences seed production and outcrossing rate in populations of an alpine snowbed shrub, Phyllodoce aleutica: effects of pollinators and self-incompatibility

Cited by 59 publications

References 45 publications

Herbarium specimens show contrasting phenological responses to Himalayan climate

Herbarium specimens show contrasting phenological responses to Himalayan climate

Pollination Efficiency of Bumblebee Queens and Workers in the Alpine Shrub Rhododendron aureum

Seasonal change in a pollinator community and the maintenance of style length variation in Mertensia fusiformis (Boraginaceae)

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