Flowering dynamics ofOrchis morioL. andHerminium monorchis(L.) R.Br. at two sites in eastern England
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Cited by 11 publications
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A perennial glabrous herb with two entire, ovoid or subglobose tubers. Roots short and relatively thick. Stem (10 -) 20 -70 (-115) cm, pale green, sometimes faintly marbled with purple, solid, cylindrical, smooth, and obscurely angled above. Leaves pale to dark green; the lower 4-10, 5-20 × 3.5-6 cm, elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute at apex, entire, keeled and erect or spreading, many-veined; the upper smaller, tapering to an acute apex, clasping the stem. Inflorescence a spike 1-25 (-50) × 4-12 cm, rather lax, and cylindrical. Bracts 0.5-5 × 0.1-0.2 cm, pale green or white, often tinged with rose, narrow linear, tapering to an acute apex, more or less membranous, often with in-rolled edges, with a green central vein and about three others on either side. Flowers greenish-white with a very long, ribbon-like and white, green and purple or brownish twisted labellum hanging obliquely downwards (on small spikes with few scattered flowers the labella often appear horizontal), and a strong smell of billy goats. Outer perianth segments 0.7-1 cm, forming a helmet or hood, cohering at the base, free or not at the tip, whitish-green often flushed with purple spots or streaks inside and out, ovate, rounded at apex, concave, 3-or 4-veined (often green), the upper arched forward and rather boat-shaped. Inner perianth segments slightly shorter than the outer, very narrow, linear spotted, and 1-veined. Labellum 2-6 cm, linear, wedge-shaped and broader at the base, with (approximately) 12 purple spots around the junction where the three lobes meet; the edges are crimped. Side lobes 0.5-2 cm, purple brownish, curled and ribbon-like. Middle lobe white on top near its base, becomes purple light brownish for the 80% nearest the tip, and is curled. Spur short, conical, sock-like, rounded at the apex and directed downwards. Column rather short and erect. Single anther greenish-white and pyriform. There are two olive-green, pyriform pollinia. Caudicles thick, yellow, longer than the pollinia and bent at the apex. Viscidium elliptical or quadrangular, enclosed in a bursicle and very sticky. Stigma obtusely 4-cornered or ovatecordate and bordered by a dark line. Rostellum beaklike, projecting beyond the stigma. Ovary about 1 cm, pale green, spindle-shaped, twisted, pedicellate, with 3 slight, longitudinal ridges. Capsule long, tapering at the base, with marked ridges, 0.5-1.5 cm long and about 0.25-0.75 cm in diameter and contains 0-2000 seeds. Seeds 340 µ m in length by 120 µ m in diameter with the embryo measuring 100 µ m in length and 70 µ m in diameter. Seed mass > 0.01 µ g.A species of calcareous grasslands, sand dunes and occasionally woodland edges. It often appears sporadically as individuals or small colonies in new sites where it may last 20 years. In England larger colonies appeared only in the latter part of the 20th century and their persistence is not known.
A perennial glabrous herb with two entire, ovoid or subglobose tubers. Roots short and relatively thick. Stem (10 -) 20 -70 (-115) cm, pale green, sometimes faintly marbled with purple, solid, cylindrical, smooth, and obscurely angled above. Leaves pale to dark green; the lower 4-10, 5-20 × 3.5-6 cm, elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute at apex, entire, keeled and erect or spreading, many-veined; the upper smaller, tapering to an acute apex, clasping the stem. Inflorescence a spike 1-25 (-50) × 4-12 cm, rather lax, and cylindrical. Bracts 0.5-5 × 0.1-0.2 cm, pale green or white, often tinged with rose, narrow linear, tapering to an acute apex, more or less membranous, often with in-rolled edges, with a green central vein and about three others on either side. Flowers greenish-white with a very long, ribbon-like and white, green and purple or brownish twisted labellum hanging obliquely downwards (on small spikes with few scattered flowers the labella often appear horizontal), and a strong smell of billy goats. Outer perianth segments 0.7-1 cm, forming a helmet or hood, cohering at the base, free or not at the tip, whitish-green often flushed with purple spots or streaks inside and out, ovate, rounded at apex, concave, 3-or 4-veined (often green), the upper arched forward and rather boat-shaped. Inner perianth segments slightly shorter than the outer, very narrow, linear spotted, and 1-veined. Labellum 2-6 cm, linear, wedge-shaped and broader at the base, with (approximately) 12 purple spots around the junction where the three lobes meet; the edges are crimped. Side lobes 0.5-2 cm, purple brownish, curled and ribbon-like. Middle lobe white on top near its base, becomes purple light brownish for the 80% nearest the tip, and is curled. Spur short, conical, sock-like, rounded at the apex and directed downwards. Column rather short and erect. Single anther greenish-white and pyriform. There are two olive-green, pyriform pollinia. Caudicles thick, yellow, longer than the pollinia and bent at the apex. Viscidium elliptical or quadrangular, enclosed in a bursicle and very sticky. Stigma obtusely 4-cornered or ovatecordate and bordered by a dark line. Rostellum beaklike, projecting beyond the stigma. Ovary about 1 cm, pale green, spindle-shaped, twisted, pedicellate, with 3 slight, longitudinal ridges. Capsule long, tapering at the base, with marked ridges, 0.5-1.5 cm long and about 0.25-0.75 cm in diameter and contains 0-2000 seeds. Seeds 340 µ m in length by 120 µ m in diameter with the embryo measuring 100 µ m in length and 70 µ m in diameter. Seed mass > 0.01 µ g.A species of calcareous grasslands, sand dunes and occasionally woodland edges. It often appears sporadically as individuals or small colonies in new sites where it may last 20 years. In England larger colonies appeared only in the latter part of the 20th century and their persistence is not known.
It is important to evaluate the loss of biodiversity caused by global changes. In the case of orchids, it is still unclear how long the monitoring duration should be chosen in order to achieve a good compromise between the reliability of the orchid dynamics recorded and sampling duration (e.g. years of monitoring). This study aims to propose a method of monitoring orchids. Using a large database, we investigated the inter-annual variability in flowering of orchids in a French Mediterranean region. The database includes an 8-year-long study (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013) of 47 species at 26 locations in three different types of habitats. The number of individual plants that flowered per species varied significantly between years, but not the number of species. Depending on habitat, two to four years were needed to observe the total number of species per location. Therefore, in Mediterranean regions a one-year-study seems to be insufficient to produce reliable results.
Decline in wet grasslands, which in the past resulted particularly from the intensification of agriculture, was accompanied by the loss of a lot of populations of organisms, including protected and endangered species of plants and animals associated with these habitats e.g. terrestrial orchids. The survival of populations of many species of European orchids is strongly dependent on appropriate site management, especially regular mowing or grazing. In addition, humans can negatively affect the persistence of orchid populations in various ways, such as conversion of orchid meadows into building areas, dams, roads etc. or the intensive use of fertilizers and contamination of areas by fertilisers from nearby fields. Comparison of historical data with the present distribution of orchids can reveal a lot about the main reasons for the decline in this endangered group of plants. Here we present an extensive study of the persistence of 192 historical orchid sites in South Bohemia, with particular reference to the 5 commonest species of orchids, Anacamptis morio, Dactylorhiza majalis, Epipactis helleborine, Epipactis palustris and Platanthera bifolia. We show that the most abundant species at the sites studied was Dactylorhiza majalis. E. palustris, A. morio and P. bifolia are currently not present at any of the historical localities for these species. Considering more recent history, the situation regarding orchid localities in South Bohemia is not critical, but the fate of these species should be closely monitored. The majority of this loss is due to the cessation of mowing of the sites. Thus more attention should be paid to the management of the existing sites. During this study, some new sites were discovered.Keywords: extinction, meadows, terrestrial orchids, South Bohemia (Kull 2002), but present methods of mowing does not necessarily result in the persistence of orchid populations (Tamm 1991). Effect of management on orchid populations is best assessed by long-term monitoring (Inghe and
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