A perennial glabrous herb with two entire, ovoid or subglobose tubers. Roots short and relatively thick. Stem (10 -) 20 -70 (-115) cm, pale green, sometimes faintly marbled with purple, solid, cylindrical, smooth, and obscurely angled above. Leaves pale to dark green; the lower 4-10, 5-20 × 3.5-6 cm, elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse to acute at apex, entire, keeled and erect or spreading, many-veined; the upper smaller, tapering to an acute apex, clasping the stem. Inflorescence a spike 1-25 (-50) × 4-12 cm, rather lax, and cylindrical. Bracts 0.5-5 × 0.1-0.2 cm, pale green or white, often tinged with rose, narrow linear, tapering to an acute apex, more or less membranous, often with in-rolled edges, with a green central vein and about three others on either side. Flowers greenish-white with a very long, ribbon-like and white, green and purple or brownish twisted labellum hanging obliquely downwards (on small spikes with few scattered flowers the labella often appear horizontal), and a strong smell of billy goats. Outer perianth segments 0.7-1 cm, forming a helmet or hood, cohering at the base, free or not at the tip, whitish-green often flushed with purple spots or streaks inside and out, ovate, rounded at apex, concave, 3-or 4-veined (often green), the upper arched forward and rather boat-shaped. Inner perianth segments slightly shorter than the outer, very narrow, linear spotted, and 1-veined. Labellum 2-6 cm, linear, wedge-shaped and broader at the base, with (approximately) 12 purple spots around the junction where the three lobes meet; the edges are crimped. Side lobes 0.5-2 cm, purple brownish, curled and ribbon-like. Middle lobe white on top near its base, becomes purple light brownish for the 80% nearest the tip, and is curled. Spur short, conical, sock-like, rounded at the apex and directed downwards. Column rather short and erect. Single anther greenish-white and pyriform. There are two olive-green, pyriform pollinia. Caudicles thick, yellow, longer than the pollinia and bent at the apex. Viscidium elliptical or quadrangular, enclosed in a bursicle and very sticky. Stigma obtusely 4-cornered or ovatecordate and bordered by a dark line. Rostellum beaklike, projecting beyond the stigma. Ovary about 1 cm, pale green, spindle-shaped, twisted, pedicellate, with 3 slight, longitudinal ridges. Capsule long, tapering at the base, with marked ridges, 0.5-1.5 cm long and about 0.25-0.75 cm in diameter and contains 0-2000 seeds. Seeds 340 µ m in length by 120 µ m in diameter with the embryo measuring 100 µ m in length and 70 µ m in diameter. Seed mass > 0.01 µ g.A species of calcareous grasslands, sand dunes and occasionally woodland edges. It often appears sporadically as individuals or small colonies in new sites where it may last 20 years. In England larger colonies appeared only in the latter part of the 20th century and their persistence is not known.
of British Nature Conservancy Council, Northminster House, Peterborough PEl 1 UA FARRELL, L., 1989. The different types and importance of British heaths. A synopsis of the 22 types of heathland recognized by the National Vegetation Classification is presented. Maps showing their locations are given. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:-Callunaheathland -National Vegetation Classification -Nature Conservancy Council.
In Britain, where it reaches the north-westerly limit of its European distribution, Orchis militaris L. is extremely rare. Well-established and persistent populations of 0. militaris are known to exist at only two sites. The largest extant population of 0. militaris occurs in a disused chalk pit in Suffok. A preliminary demographic analysis of this population, covering the period 1975 to 1991, along with estimates of key life stage transition probabilities are presented here. From 1975 to 1986 the number of separate identifiable plants in the population declined substantially. Until 1986 recruitment of rosettes was poor. The largest cohort of new plants, recorded in 1976, was 35. Approximately 48% of new individuals recruited between 1976 and 1985 failed to flower. Of those flowering, approximately 55% flowered during their first year above ground. Of the original population recorded in 1975, 67.8% flowered at least once during the study. The reproductive performance, i.e. the frequency of flowering and the period between episodes of flowering, varied considerably between individuals. Some plants flowered every year while others only flowered once during the study. Few plants remained below ground for more than one year, while several apparently persisted below ground for more than 6 successive years. Although the number of plants that can be identified as separate individuals has declined, the total number of rosettes in the population has, from 1986, increased dramatically. Because of the dense clumping of these recruits it is not possible to determine whether they are derived from seed or vegetative propagation. When post 1986 recruitment is combined with the number of plants that established before 1986 and survive, the apparent number of plants present at the site has more than doubled between 1975 and 1991.
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