Flowering and fruiting phenology of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) from Sumatra landraces in ex situ conservation area in Karangmojo, Yogyakarta

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the flowering and fruiting phenology of jackfruit originated from Sumatra landraces planted in ex situ conservation in Yogyakarta within the 2018 and 2019 flowering periods. Flowering ontogeny and phenology were observed following Owens and Pushpakumara methods. Results found five developmental stages of male inflorescences, which last in 64-101 days, ended by the drought and abscissed of the males. Female inflorescences undergo five stages which take 92-160 days in total. Differences in rainfall and the dry season period resulted in different onset and duration of flowering. In 2018, which has more rainfall and a shorter dry season, flowering initiates lately (February-June) with a longer duration (6 months). In 2019, the less rainfall and more extended dry season resulted in early flowering (January-April) with a shorter duration (4 months). The Medan landrace flowered later and longer. Flowering synchrony occurred between sexes within the same tree, but there was asynchronous flowering among individual trees. Water availability is crucial in flowering and fruit production. Flowering stimulation and pollination management may also be conducted to increase flower production, pollinating agents, and fruit production and synchronize the flowering.

Flowering and fruiting phenology of Anaxagorea luzonensis A. Gray (Annonaceae)

“…Air temperature is a climatic factor that greatly affects plant phenological processes. Fruit formation is influenced by various factors, including pollinator effectiveness (Abrol et al 2019;Tanda 2022), endogenous factors (Yuan and Yang 2018;Yan et al 2019;Bu et al 2020), the number and synchronization of male and female flower maturity (Handayani 2016;Oliveira et al 2019;Fathin et al 2021), and environmental factors (Lestari and Fiqa 2020;Zhang et al 2022). Endogenous factors influence, for example, morphological and anatomical chemical construction, such as the content of carbohydrates, water, minerals, nutritional status, and growth hormone.…”