Flow-mode biodiesel production from palm oil using a pressurized microwave reactor

Abstract

The factors that influence microwave-assisted biodiesel production reactions have been analyzed in this investigation. The studied parameters included microwave (MW) power, irradiation time, and reactor pressure. The response surface method was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The conversion for the 6:1 methanol/oil molar ratio and 1% catalyst ranged from 68.4% to 96.71%. The optimized conditions were found to be 138 s of MW irradiation at 780 W and 7 bar pressure. The conversion at this point was 97.82%. Biodiesel yield increased at higher radiation times (90–130 s) and pressures (5–7 bar). Results show that MW power and irradiation time have significant effects at the 1% level, whereas pressure had significant effects at the 5% level on biodiesel production in this range. The major properties of the palm oil biodiesel produced herein have met the requirements of the EN 14214 methyl ester standard.

Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using calcium oxide derived from eggshell as catalyst – optimization and modeling studies

“…The literature contains many examples of self-dual Leonard pairs. For instanc ated with an irreducible module for the Terwilliger algebra of the hypercube (see [ Leonard pair of Krawtchouk type (see [10, De nition 6.1]); (iii) the Leonard pair as module for the Terwilliger algebra of a distance-regular graph that has a spin mo bra (see [1,Theorem], [3,Theorems 4.1, 5.5]); (iv) an appropriately normalized to (see [11,Lemma 14.8]); (v) the Leonard pair consisting of any two of a modular L De nition 1.4]); (vi) the Leonard pair consisting of a pair of opposite generators bra, acting on an evaluation module (see [5,Proposition 9.2]). The example (i) is examples (iii), (iv) are special cases of (v).…”

“…The selection of feedstocks for biodiesel production is a critical factor in making biodiesel a viable alternative to the existing petroleum-based diesel. Plenty of oils obtained from seeds of plants and trees have been commonly used as feedstocks for the production of biodiesel, and among them, edible oils such as sunflower oil [1,2], palm oil [3][4][5], soyabean oil [6,7], peanut oil [8], corn oil [9] etc. have been used extensively in the production of biodiesel.…”

Greener synthesis of chemical compounds and materials

“…, Platanus orientalis , thyme— Thymus vulgaris L . [59], carum carvi L. seeds [60,61], black and green tea, lemon grass, grape wastes, orange wastes, Magnolia kobus , marshmallow flower ( Althaea officinalis L . ), geranium, etc.).…”

“…A huge number of reports are dedicated to Ag 0 , Au 0 monometallic and Ag 0 /Au 0 bimetallic nanoparticles, obtained by biological methods and reviewed in [54][55][56][57]. Silver nanoparticles have been biologically obtained by all possible methods [58], including bacteria-assisted bioreduction (in particular, using Escherichia coli, Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, among others), fungi (Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium acumina-tum, Penicillium fellu-tanum, among others), yeast (yeast strain) and numerous plant extracts containing polyphenols as reductants ( pennyroyal-Mentha pulegium L., Platanus orientalis, thyme-Thymus vulgaris L. [59], carum carvi L. seeds [60,61], black and green tea, lemon grass, grape wastes, orange wastes, Magnolia kobus, marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.), geranium, etc.). Au and Ag nanoparticles can be obtained with the use of actinomycetes (microorganisms with some properties of bacteria and fungi) and leaves of Passiflora edulis [62,63].…”

Intensification of Extraction of Antioxidant Compounds from Moringa Oleifera Leaves Using Ultrasound-Assisted Approach: BBD-RSM Design

“…Design Expert 11 was applied to obtain the interaction of significant variables and to generate regression models. A quadratic regression model is expressed as follows (Jagadeesan et al, 2019;Safieddin Ardebili et al, 2019b):…”