Flow-injection extraction-spectrophotometric determination of perchlorate with brilliant green

Burns, D. Thorburn; Chimpalee, N.; Harriott, M.

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(00)80398-0

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Anthropogenic sources include salts of perchlorate such as ammonium perchlorate, which is used as an oxidant in solid rocket propellants and space shuttles, and potassium perchlorate, which is used as an ingredient in the production of fireworks, explosives, and road signal flares [7]. Perchlorate salts are also used in vehicle airbag inflators, electronic tubes, lubricating oils, leather tanning and finishing processes, electroplating and aluminum refining, and paint and enamel production; some chlorate-based herbicides and bleaching agents contain percent levels of perchlorate [8,9]. It has been estimated that 90% of the production of perchlorate is for use in defense-related activities and the aerospace industry ( [10]; http://www.epa.gov/fedfac/documents/emerging_contaminants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of perchlorate in a man‐made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany, New York, USA

Oldi

2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Perchlorate is a widespread contaminant in aquatic environments. Despite this, the aquatic environmental fate of perchlorate released from fireworks displays is not well known. In the present study, we examined the fate of perchlorate in man-made reflecting ponds, from 2008 to 2010, following three fireworks displays in Albany, New York, USA. Immediately after the fireworks display, perchlorate in pond waters increased significantly, with concentrations from 30 to 1,480 times higher than the baseline values. Perchlorate concentrations in pond water increased from 0.11 µg/L to up to 519 µg/L, following the fireworks display in 2008. Perchlorate concentrations in pond water decreased at a first-order kinetic degradation rate, with a mean k(obs) value of 0.026 d⁻¹ and an average half-life of 29 d. The rate of perchlorate deposition into water bodies following fireworks displays was estimated to range from 670 to 2,620 g/ha. We also estimated the perchlorate ingestion rate by the inhalation of aerosols of pond water by people frequently near the ponds. The estimated daily intake of perchlorate through the ingestion of aerosols was 32% (226 ng/kg body wt), 13% (92 ng/kg body wt), and 6% (42 ng/kg body wt) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's reference dose for infants, children, and adults, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of perchlorate in a man‐made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany, New York, USA

Oldi

2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The method is more sensitive than some of the previously reported methods [7][8][9]12]. The detection limit of this method (23 ng mL -1 ) is lower than some of the previously reported methods, such as the solvent extraction with brilliant green method, which has a detection limit of 36 ng mL -1 [7]. The method does not require sophisticated instruments such as ESI-MS [10,11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Various methods are available for the determination of perchlorate. They are based upon a variety of analytical techniques, such as ion chromatography [2,4,5], extraction spectrofluorometry [6], extraction spectrophotometry [7,8], ionselective electrode [9] electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) [10,11], indirect atomic absorption spectrometry [12], fluorometry with a flow-through optode [13], and indirect ICP-OES [14]. Although ESI-MS methods are more sensitive, they require sophisticated instruments, which are not readily available in laboratories for routine analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Perchlorate Based on Ion-Pair Formation with Thionine

Pourreza

Mousavi

2005

J Anal Chem

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A simple, rapid, and sensitive extraction-spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of trace amounts of perchlorate. This method is based on the extraction of perchlorate as an ion pair with thionine into isobuthyl methyl ketone and measuring the absorbance of the organic phase at 603 nm. The effect of different variables such as pH, reagent concentrations, and standing time was investigated and optimum conditions were established. The effects of other cations and anions on the extraction were also studied. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 40-1000 ng mL -1 with correlation coefficient of 0.9998. The detection limit based on 3S b criterion was 23 ng mL -1 and the relative standard deviation for 400 ng mL -1 of perchlorate was 1.9%. The proposed method was applied to determination of perchlorate in water samples.

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“…Estes componentes podem ser agrupados em três classes distintas, de acordo com os mecanismos presentes na separação: (i) aqueles baseados na diferença de densidade entre as duas fases imiscíveis, representados por diferentes câmaras e conhecidos como separadores gravitacionais 58,69,86 ; (ii) aqueles geralmente na forma de T de vidro, contendo fitas ou discos de material hidrofílico ou hidrofóbico inserido em sua cavidade, para auxiliar o processo de separação (gravidade/afinidade) 59 e (iii) os separadores por membranas 43,63,65,[87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103] (Figura 5). Recentemente, foi proposto o uso de um separador gravitacional 104 , construído em vidro, ao qual se inseriu um tubo de polietileno em sua extremidade inferior para o escoamento das fases duas imiscíveis coletadas.…”

Section: Separação De Fasesunclassified

Extração líquido-líquido em sistemas de fluxo

Facchin¹,

Pasquini²

1998

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 25/2/97; aceito em 7/4/97 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION IN FLOW SYSTEMS. This review deals with principles of the liquid-liquid extraction, when performed in flow systems. This approach is frequently used for sample treatment to improve the selectivity and/or sensitivity in analytical measurements. The advances in this area are reported, including the use of monosegmented flow systems to perform metal extraction through both two-phase and single phase processes.Keywords: liquid-liquid extraction; flow analysis; separation and preconcentration. REVISÃO TÉCNICAS DE SEPARAÇÃO E CONCENTRAÇÃONa atualidade, embora se disponha de uma série de técnicas analíticas que propiciem cada vez mais a obtenção de melhor seletividade e sensibilidade, a realização de algumas operações preliminares à quantificação das espécies de interesse nas diferentes matrizes, como separação e concentração, ainda se constitui na etapa limitante das determinações. Dentro deste contexto, os sistemas de Análise em Fluxo 1 (AF) têm, a cada dia, ganho interesse em vista, principalmente, da sua versatilidade. Eles são capazes de substituir com vantagens os processos manuais de separação, reduzindo custos, tempo de análise e manipulação de amostras, levando a um menor risco de contaminação e perdas [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] . Além disto, o uso de menor quantidade de solventes orgânicos no laboratório se torna cada vez mais uma necessidade em vista da rigidez atual das leis de proteção ambiental.Desde a sua introdução, as diferentes técnicas de pré-tratamento evoluíram bastante, quer em termos de configurações disponíveis ou aplicações. Contudo ainda pode ser verificado um emprego restrito das técnicas de precipitação contínua/filtração por razões diversas, as quais poderiam talvez estar associadas à forte tendência do precipitado adsorver nas paredes das vias de transmissão e na cela de detecção e à necessidade periódica de se limpar todo o sistema ou mesmo devido à falta de domínio sobre a formação de precipitados em fluxo 4 . A aplicabilidade destas técnicas à separação e à concentração já foi demonstrada para diversas classes de analitos, através de determinações diretas ou indiretas, com dissolução do precipitado ou não. Em termos de detecção, a espectrometria de absorção atômica tem sido citada com maior frequência, havendo ainda notificação do uso de outros detectores, como os de espectrofotometria UV-visível e eletrodos íon-seletivos [3][4][15][16][17] . Por outro lado, as técnicas de sorção (adsorção, troca iônica e extração líquido-sólido) têm ganho interesse dentre os procedimentos de pré-tratamento por AF nos últimos anos 3,5,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] . O seu destaque deve-se provavelmente à facilidade de operação em relação às demais técnicas e à robustez dos equipamentos. Além disso, é bastante versátil, sob o aspecto da variedade de materiais sorventes para a construção das mini-colunas, agentes complexantes e eluentes. Outro fator ponderante na sua escolha é a capacidade de obter prontamente a co...

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Flow-injection extraction-spectrophotometric determination of perchlorate with brilliant green

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Fate of perchlorate in a man‐made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany, New York, USA

Fate of perchlorate in a man‐made reflecting pond following a fireworks display in Albany, New York, USA

Extraction Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Perchlorate Based on Ion-Pair Formation with Thionine

Extração líquido-líquido em sistemas de fluxo

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