Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of acetochlor and cartap‐HCl in freshwater samples using an acidic KMnO₄–rhodamine‐B reaction system

Abstract

A flow injection (FI) methodology using the acidic potassium permanganate (KMnO4)–rhodamine‐B (Rh‐B) reaction with chemiluminescence (CL) detection was established to determine acetochlor and cartap‐HCl pesticides in freshwater samples. Experimental parameters were optimized, and Chelex‐100 cationic exchanger mini column and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) were used as phase separation techniques. Linear calibration curves were observed for the standard solutions of acetochlor and cartap‐HCl over the ranges 0.005–2.0 mg L−1 [y = 1155.8x + 57.551, R2 = 0.9999 (n = 8)] and 0.005–1.0 mg L−1 [y = 979.76x + 14.491, R2 = 0.9998 (n = 8)] with LODs and LOQs of 7.5 × 10−4 and 8.0 × 10−4 mg L−1 (3σ blank) and 2.5 × 10−3 and 2.7 × 10−3 mg L−1 (10σ blank), respectively, with an injection throughput of 140 h−1. These methods were used to estimate acetochlor and cartap‐HCl with or without the SPE procedure, respectively, in spiked freshwater samples. Results obtained were not significantly different at a 95% confidence level to those of other reported methods. Recoveries for acetochlor and cartap‐HCl were obtained over the ranges 93–112% (RSD = 1.9–3.6%) and 98–109% (RSD = 1.7–3.8%), respectively. The most probable CL reaction mechanism was explored.

A lateral flow immunoassay method for the rapid detection of acetochlor and alachlor in vegetable oil by sensitivity enhancement by using dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin

“…Immunoassays are one of the most commonly used rapid methods in food and environmental safety analysis, and many immunoassay methods for acetochlor have been reported. These methods include competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), 11 ELISA with a double-functionalized gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probe for signal amplification, 12 a flow injection chemiluminescence assay, 13 a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) based on functionalized gold nanoparticles 14 or two-dimensional (2D) Pt–Ni(OH) 2 nanosheets (NSs), 15 an electrochemical immunosensor (ECI), 16 and a multiplex immunosensor integrated with a LFIA and an electrochemical readout. 17 The target samples of these methods were water, 16,17 corn, 11,12,14 milk, 16 fruits and vegetables; 15 thus, to the best of our knowledge, an immunoassay for the rapid detection of acetochlor in vegetable oil has not been reported.…”