Flow injection analysis of pharmaceuticals

Castro, M.D. Luque de; Valcárcel, Miguel

doi:10.1016/0731-7085(89)80135-9

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

1989

DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(89)80135-9

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Flow injection analysis of pharmaceuticals

M.D. Luque de Castro

Miguel Valcárcel

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Cited by 27 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 89 publications

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“…Flow injection analysis (FIA) is a well-established technique , which has seen increasing use in the pharmaceutical industry. − In short, a plug of analyte is injected into a carrier stream which flows through a detector. Minimal quantities of reagent are required for analysis, and high sampling rates are often used, making FIA a particularly attractive approach for analysis of pharmaceuticals.…”

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Electrochemical Flow Injection Analysis of Hydrazine in an Excess of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient: Achieving Pharmaceutical Detection Limits Electrochemically

et al. 2015

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The quantification of genotoxic impurities (GIs) such as hydrazine (HZ) is of critical importance in the pharmaceutical industry in order to uphold drug safety. HZ is a particularly intractable GI and its detection represents a significant technical challenge. Here, we present, for the first time, the use of electrochemical analysis to achieve the required detection limits by the pharmaceutical industry for the detection of HZ in the presence of a large excess of a common active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), acetaminophen (ACM) which itself is redox active, typical of many APIs. A flow injection analysis approach with electrochemical detection (FIA-EC) is utilized, in conjunction with a coplanar boron doped diamond (BDD) microband electrode, insulated in an insulating diamond platform for durability and integrated into a two piece flow cell. In order to separate the electrochemical signature for HZ such that it is not obscured by that of the ACM (present in excess), the BDD electrode is functionalized with Pt nanoparticles (NPs) to significantly shift the half wave potential for HZ oxidation to less positive potentials. Microstereolithography was used to fabricate flow cells with defined hydrodynamics which minimize dispersion of the analyte and optimize detection sensitivity. Importantly, the Pt NPs were shown to be stable under flow, and a limit of detection of 64.5 nM or 0.274 ppm for HZ with respect to the ACM, present in excess, was achieved. This represents the first electrochemical approach which surpasses the required detection limits set by the pharmaceutical industry for HZ detection in the presence of an API and paves the wave for online analysis and application to other GI and API systems.

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Electrochemical Flow Injection Analysis of Hydrazine in an Excess of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient: Achieving Pharmaceutical Detection Limits Electrochemically

et al. 2015

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An overview of qualimetric strategies for optimisation and calibration in pharmaceutical analysis using flow injection techniques

Bosque-Sendra

Gámiz‐Gracia

Garcı́a-Campaña

2003

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry

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Flow Injection analysis represents an attractive tool because of its great advantages, such as versatility, speed, high sampling rate and wide applicability in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. However, due to the inherent characteristics of the technique, the choice of the best set of operational and chemical conditions is complicated and the conventional univariate optimisation method present some limitations, mainly due to fact that the interdependence of variables is not considered. In relation to the calibration process, because of the transient character of the signals obtained using FIA manifolds coupled with different detection techniques, different strategies can be used in calibration to solve some problems related to the nature of the signal thereby improving the performance characteristics of the method. This paper offers an overview of different methodologies used in optimisation based on the use of statistically designed experiments and some strategies developed for calibration applied to the analysis of pharmaceuticals.

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Flow injection tyrosinase biosensor for direct determination of acetaminophen in human urine

et al. 2019

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Flow injection analysis of pharmaceuticals

Cited by 27 publications

References 89 publications

Electrochemical Flow Injection Analysis of Hydrazine in an Excess of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient: Achieving Pharmaceutical Detection Limits Electrochemically

Electrochemical Flow Injection Analysis of Hydrazine in an Excess of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient: Achieving Pharmaceutical Detection Limits Electrochemically

An overview of qualimetric strategies for optimisation and calibration in pharmaceutical analysis using flow injection techniques

Flow injection tyrosinase biosensor for direct determination of acetaminophen in human urine

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