Florigen trafficking integrates photoperiod and temperature signals in Arabidopsis

Abstract

The transition to flowering is the most dramatic phase change in flowering plants and is crucial for reproductive success. A complex regulatory network in plants has evolved to perceive and integrate the endogenous and environmental signals. These signals perceived, including day length and temperature, converge to regulate FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), which encodes a mobile stimulus required for floral induction in Arabidopsis. Despite the discovery of modulation of FT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by ambient temperature, whether the trafficking of FT protein is controlled in response to changes in growth temperature is so far unknown. Here, we show that FT transport from companion cells to sieve elements is controlled in a temperature‐dependent manner. This process is mediated by multiple C2 domain and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs) and a soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE). Our findings suggest that ambient temperatures regulate both FT mRNA expression and FT protein trafficking to prevent precocious flowering at low temperatures and ensure plant reproductive success under favorable environmental conditions.

Regulation by FLOWERING LOCUS T and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 in Flowering Time and Plant Architecture

“…The modulation of FT transcription, together with the regulation of FT long‐distance trafficking by ambient temperatures, functions antagonistically with photoperiodic flowering induction to prevent precocious flowering at low temperatures (Figure 5). [ 151 ] The ftip1‐1 qky‐14 syp121‐4 triple mutant shows an extremely late‐flowering phenotype and exhibits a decreased response to low temperatures similar to the ft‐10 mutant, indicating that the temperature‐dependent FT transport is mostly mediated by FTIP1, QKY, and SYP121. However, the single mutants of ftip1‐1 , qky‐14, and syp121‐4 exhibit different responses to changes in ambient temperature, suggesting that ambient temperature regulates specific transport steps of FT. [ 151 ]…”

Morphological, Physiological, and Molecular Responses of Sweetly Fragrant Luculia Gratissima During the Floral Transition Stage Induced by Short-day Photoperiod

“…Therefore, the LD treatment was used as a control in this study, and 7 d (SD7), 10 d (SD10), 13 d (SD13), and 19 d (SD19) in the SD treatment were selected to study the physiological and molecular regulation patterns of oral transition. 3 , which could not be detected because it was below the limit of quantitation (0.1 ng/ml), there were signi cant differences in the contents of the other substances among the ve stages (adjusted p < 0.05; Fig. 3).…”

“…In the present study, we investigated responses of L. gratissima during short-day-induced oral transition stage at the morphological, physiological, and transcriptome levels. The aims of this study were: (1) to observe shoot apexes of L. gratissima of short-day treatment during ve developmental stages using morphological and histological methods to identify the time point of oral transition in L. gratissima; (2) to measure endogenous substance contents to study the soluble sugar and hormone effects in oral transition in L. gratissima; (3) to conduct an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of the transcriptomes of L. gratissima shoot apexes at four different stages, 7, 10, 13, and 19 days after the initiation of long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) treatments, to study the molecular regulatory mechanism of short-day-induced oral transition in L. gratissima. The results presented in this research will aid in regulating L. gratissima owering and achieving year-round production.…”

MYB106 is a negative regulator and a substrate for CRL3BPM E3 ligase in regulating flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana

“…In the flowering regulatory network, the FLOWERING LOCUS T ( FT ) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 ( SOC1 ) are the key integrator genes (Corbesier et al, 2007). FT encodes a protein considered to be florigen, that can integrate with photoperiod and temperature signals, and move from leaves to the shoot apical meristem, where it stimulates the expression of SOC1 (Liu et al, 2020). Following that, FT and SOC1 influence the expression of other genes in the flowering network, thereby promoting flowering (Kim et al, 2009; Andres and Coupland, 2012; Song et al, 2015).…”