Regulation by FLOWERING LOCUS T and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 in Flowering Time and Plant Architecture

Lu, Linfeng; Xuan, Lijie; Jiang, Yupeng; Yu, Hao

doi:10.1002/sstr.202000125

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 203 publications

(319 reference statements)

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“…FT is considered to be a major component of florigen and plays a critical role in the photoperiodic flowering pathway (Corbesier et al, 2007;Wigge, 2011). To date, the photoperiod-dependent flowering pathway was intensively studied and a total of 11 florigen (FT) homologues have been characterized in soybean (Kong et al, 2010;Sun et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2018Liu et al, , 2020bZhang et al, 2021;Su et al, 2022). GmFT3a, which is located on the same chromosome as the key flowering promoters GmFT2a and GmFT5a, has yet to be studied for functional identification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It could be inferred that GmFT3a probably functioned upstream on the GmFT3b , and the hypothesis still needs more molecular evidence and flowering phenotype of the GmFT3a mutant. In addition, higher expression of GmFT3a was detected in the relatively early maturing varieties (MG 000 and MG 00) under SD, suggesting that GmFT3a might correlate with early flowering and function as an effective promoter of flowering in non-inductive photoperiodic conditions ( Jia et al, 2014 ; Cao et al, 2016b ; Liu et al, 2020b ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, higher expression of GmFT3a was detected in the relatively early The Venn diagram of DEGs between transgenic GmFT3a soybean and control in LD and SD, respectively. maturing varieties (MG 000 and MG 00) under SD, suggesting that GmFT3a might correlate with early flowering and function as an effective promoter of flowering in non-inductive photoperiodic conditions (Jia et al, 2014;Cao et al, 2016b;Liu et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Gmft3a Promoted Flowering By Regulating the Downstream Flowe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, many genes have multiple copies in the genome. For FT homologues, the integrators in the flowering pathway, there are at least 11 homologues in soybean ( Kong et al, 2010 ; Liu et al, 2020b ; Lee et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). Among these genes, GmFT2a ( Glyma.16 g150700 ) and GmFT5a ( Glyma.16 g044100 ) play redundant but coordinated roles in flowering promotion by up-regulating the expression of floral determination genes ( Kong et al, 2010 ; Sun et al, 2011 ; Na et al, 2013 ; Nan et al, 2014 ; Takeshima et al, 2019 ; Lin et al, 2021b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GmFT3a fine-tunes flowering time and improves adaptation of soybean to higher latitudes

et al. 2022

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Onset of flowering of plants is precisely controlled by extensive environmental factors and internal molecular networks, in which FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a key flowering integrator. In soybean, a typical short-day plant, 11 FT homologues are found in its genome, of which several homologues are functionally diversified in flowering pathways and the others including GmFT3a are yet unknown. In the current study, we characterized GmFT3a, which is located on the same chromosome as the flowering promoters GmFT2a and GmFT5a. Overexpression of GmFT3a significantly promoted flowering of Arabidopsis under the inductive long-day (LD) photoperiod. GmFT3a over-expressed soybean also flowered earlier than the control under LD, but they were not significantly different under inductive short-day (SD) conditions, indicating that GmFT3a acts as a flowering promoter in the non-inductive photoperiod in soybean. Compared with other GmFT homologues, GmFT3a exhibited a slighter effect in flowering promotion than GmFT2a, GmFT5a and GmFT2b under LD conditions. GmFT3a promoted flowering by regulating the expression of downstream flowering-related genes and also affected the expression of other GmFTs. According to the re-sequencing data, the regional distributions of two major haplotypes in 176 soybean varieties were analyzed. The varieties with GmFT3a-Hap2 haplotype matured relatively early, and relative higher expression of GmFT3a was detected in early maturing varieties, implying that Hap2 variation may contribute to the adaptation of soybean to higher latitude regions by increasing expression level of genes in metabolism and signaling pathways. The early flowering germplasm generated by overexpression of GmFT3a has potential to be planted at higher latitudes where non-inductive long day is dominant in the growing season, and GmFT3a can be used to fine-tune soybean flowering and maturity time and improve the geographical adaptation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gmft3a Promoted Flowering By Regulating the Downstream Flowe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

GmFT3a fine-tunes flowering time and improves adaptation of soybean to higher latitudes

et al. 2022

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“…In plants, photoperiod is the key environmental signal that determines the flowering cycle. In Arabidopsis, a long‐day (LD) plant, the flowering mechanism is mediated by the CONSTANS ( CO ) gene, which regulates the transcript abundance of flowering genes such as florigen ( FT; Flowering locus T ) (Liu et al, 2021). Being a short‐day (SD) plant, rice is photoperiod sensitive for flowering/heading (Zong et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DTH8 overexpression induces early flowering, boosts yield, and improves stress recovery in rice cv IR64

Mishra

Rathore

Joshi

et al. 2022

Physiologia Plantarum

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Rice yield and heading date are the two discrete traits controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Both traits are influenced by the genetic make‐up of the plant as well as the environmental factors where it thrives. Drought and salinity adversely affect crop productivity in many parts of the world. Tolerance to these stresses is multigenic and complex in nature. In this study, we have characterized a QTL, DTH8 (days to heading) from Oryza sativa L. cv IR64 that encodes a putative HAP3/NF‐YB/CBF subunit of CCAAT‐box binding protein (HAP complex). We demonstrate DTH8 to be positively influencing the yield, heading date, and stress tolerance in IR64. DTH8 up‐regulates the transcription of RFT1, Hd3a, GHD7, MOC1, and RCN1 in IR64 at the pre‐flowering stage and plays a role in early flowering, increased number of tillers, enhanced panicle branching, and improved tolerance towards drought and salinity stress at the reproductive stage. The presence of DTH8 binding elements (CCAAT) in the promoter regions of all of these genes, predicted by in silico analysis of the promoter region, indicates the regulation of their expression by DTH8. In addition, DTH8 overexpressing transgenic lines showed favorable physiological parameters causing less yield penalty under stress than the WT plants. Taken together, DTH8 is a positive regulator of the network of genes related to early flowering/heading, higher yield, as well as salinity and drought stress tolerance, thus, enabling the crops to adapt to a wide range of climatic conditions.

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Analysis of temperature effects on the protein accumulation of the FT–FD module using newly generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants

Park,

Kim,

Jung

2023

Plant Direct

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Arabidopsis flowering is dependent on interactions between a component of the florigens FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor FD. These proteins form a complex that activates the genes required for flowering competence and integrates environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature. However, it remains largely unknown how FT and FD are regulated at the protein level. To address this, we created FT transgenic plants that express the N‐terminal FLAG‐tagged FT fusion protein under the control of its own promoter in ft mutant backgrounds. FT transgenic plants complemented the delayed flowering of the ft mutant and exhibited similar FT expression patterns to wild‐type Col‐0 plants in response to changes in photoperiod and temperature. Similarly, we generated FD transgenic plants in fd mutant backgrounds that express the N‐terminal MYC‐tagged FD fusion protein under the FD promoter, rescuing the late flowering phenotypes in the fd mutant. Using these transgenic plants, we investigated how temperature regulates the expression of FT and FD proteins. Temperature‐dependent changes in FT and FD protein levels are primarily regulated at the transcript level, but protein‐level temperature effects have also been observed to some extent. In addition, our examination of the expression patterns of FT and FD in different tissues revealed that similar to the spatial expression pattern of FT, FD mRNA was expressed in both the leaf and shoot apex, but FD protein was only detected in the apex, suggesting a regulatory mechanism that restricts FD protein expression in the leaf during the vegetative growth phase. These transgenic plants provided a valuable platform for investigating the role of the FT–FD module in flowering time regulation.

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Regulation by FLOWERING LOCUS T and TERMINAL FLOWER 1 in Flowering Time and Plant Architecture

Cited by 27 publications

References 203 publications

GmFT3a fine-tunes flowering time and improves adaptation of soybean to higher latitudes

GmFT3a fine-tunes flowering time and improves adaptation of soybean to higher latitudes

DTH8 overexpression induces early flowering, boosts yield, and improves stress recovery in rice cv IR64

Analysis of temperature effects on the protein accumulation of the FT–FD module using newly generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants

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