Floral biology of Stachytarpheta maximiliani Scham. (Verbenaceae) and its floral visitors

Palynology of the Genus Stachytarpheta Vahl. (Verbenaceae)

“…The large pollen grain size in the species studied, clearly supports the fact that the flowers in the genus Stachytarpheta are more insect-and-bird-pollinated than wind pollinated. This further authenticates the work of Barbola et al (2006) on the floral biology of Stachytarpheta maximiliani Scham. and its floral visitors which reported that many species of beetles, hemipterans, flies, wasps, bees and butterflies visit their flowers, but bees and butterflies are the most frequent visitors.…”

“…The tubular flower requires specialized nectar-feeding insects (Faegri and Van der Pijl, 1979;Ormond et al, 1993;Antonini et al, 2005). So, visitors with long thin tongues could collect nectar at the corolla basis more easily, and pollen as well, when compared to short-tongue insects (Barbola et al, 2006). Atkins (1991) reported pollen grain diameter of Stachytarpheta sericea and S. chamissonis and the hybrid from the crossing of the two species to be between 78 and 175 μm.…”

“…The genus Stachyterpheta Vahl (Verbenaceae), known as "gervão" , includes about 100 species widely distributed in tropical and subtropical America with few members in tropical Asia, Africa and Oceania, Barbola (2006). Members of the genus are herbs, shrubs or vines and sometimes trees with leaves usually opposite or whorled, simple or palmately compound or exstipulated (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1963).…”

Borboletas (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea) visitantes florais no Jardim Botânico da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil

“…Esta mesma representatividade de famílias foi encontrada por Sackis e Morais (2008) O pierídeo P. philea philea foi a espécie mais freqüente (187 visitas, 16,8% do total de 1.114), seguida dos hesperídeos U. proteus proteus (100 -9,0%), U. teleus (73 -6,6%) e do ninfalídeo H. erato phyllis (71 -6,3%) (Tabela 1). Representantes dessas três famílias estão entre os grupos mais comuns de borboletas visitantes fl orais nas regiões tropicais (De Vries, 1987;Correa et al, 2001;Fonseca et al, 2006;Kunte, 2008) e algumas espécies são consideradas polinizadoras, como U. teleus em fl ores de Stachytarpheta em mata atlântica (Barbola et al, 2006). No presente trabalho, essa mesma espécie de borboleta foi observada visitando plantas desse mesmo gênero.…”

Checklist of Acroceridae, Mydidae and Therevidae (Diptera) from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

“…Acrocerid species present a very conspicuous adult morphology and highly specialized larval biology as parasitoids of spiders. Adults of some species are important pollinators frequently presenting greatly elongate mouthparts for nectar feeding, although some species have reduced or even vestigial mouthparts (Schlinger, 1981;Barbola et al, 2006;Borkent & Schlinger, 2008;Carvalho & Machado, 2006). Acroceridae comprises approximately 520 species in 53 genera (Schlinger et al 2013;Gillung & Winterton, 2011) occupying most biogeographic regions.…”