Floral adaptation to local pollinator guilds in a terrestrial orchid

Sun, Mimi; Gross, Karin; Schiestl, Florian P.

doi:10.1093/aob/mct219

Cited by 79 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…Sun et al, 2014;van der Niet et al, 2014). Interestingly, we found no quantitative difference between the flower colours …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…Such evidence can be derived from experiments where pollinators of one of the ecotypes are presented with an array of all the ecotypes to determine foraging preferences or pollination effectiveness (Ellis and Johnson, 2009;Newman et al, 2012). Arrays can be assembled under laboratory conditions and presented to captive insects (Galen, 1989;der Jager and Ellis, 2014) or arranged in the field by means of transplant experiments (Robertson and Wyatt, 1990;Newman et al, 2012;Sun et al, 2014) or by manipulating flowers within a population (Johnson and Steiner, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A pollinator shift explains floral divergence in an orchid species complex in South Africa

Peter

Johnson

2013

Annals of Botany

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Aims Floral diversification driven by shifts between pollinators has been one of the key explanations for the radiation of angiosperms. According to the Grant-Stebbins model of pollinator-driven speciation, these shifts result in morphologically distinct 'ecotypes' which may eventually become recognizable as species. The current circumscription of the food-deceptive southern African orchid Eulophia parviflora encompasses a highly variable monophyletic species complex. In this study, two forms were identified within this complex that differ in distribution, floral morphology, scent chemistry and phenology, and a test was made of whether these differences represent adaptations for different pollinators. † Methods and Results Multivariate analysis of floral and vegetative traits revealed that there are at least two discrete morphological forms in the species complex. Field observations revealed that each form is pollinated by a different insect species, and thus represent distinct ecotypes. The early-flowering coastal form which has long spurs and floral scent dominated by sesquiterpene compounds is pollinated exclusively by the long-tongued bee Amegilla fallax (Apidae, Anthophorinae), while the late-flowering inland form with short spurs and floral scent dominated by benzenoid compounds is pollinated exclusively by the beetle Cyrtothyrea marginalis (Cetoniinae; Scarabaeidae). Choice experiments in a Y-maze olfactometer showed that beetles are preferentially attracted to the scent of the short-spurred form. A spur-shortening experiment showed that long spurs are required for effective pollination of the bee-pollinated form. Although it was initially thought likely that divergence occurred across a geographical pollinator gradient, plants of the long-spurred form were effectively pollinated when transplanted to an inland locality outside the natural coastal range of this form. Thus, the underlying geographical basis for the evolution of ecotypes in the E. parviflora complex remains uncertain, although early flowering in the long-spurred form to exploit the emergence of naïve bees may restrict this form to coastal areas where there is no frost that would damage flower buds. Later flowering of the short-spurred form coincides closely with the emergence of the pollinating beetles following winter frosts. † Conclusions This study identifies a shift between bee and beetle pollination as the main driver of floral divergence in an orchid species complex. Floral scent and spur length appear to be key traits in mediating this evolutionary transition.

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“…Sun et al, 2014;van der Niet et al, 2014). Interestingly, we found no quantitative difference between the flower colours …”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pollinator shift explains floral divergence in an orchid species complex in South Africa

Peter

Johnson

2013

Annals of Botany

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“…As with other floral traits, floral scents are known to vary within species, both within and among populations (Dötterl et al 2005;Chartier et al 2013;Mant et al 2005;Stökl et al 2009;Sun et al 2014), and this variability is strongly suggested to have a genetic basis (e.g., Andargie et al 2014;Friberg et al 2013;Zu et al 2016). However, little is known whether such genetic variability is the result of divergent selection or other scenarios (e.g., drift).…”

Section: Such Variations In Floralmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effectiveness of an olfactory signal depends on how well it matches the pollinator's perceptive abilities, and these olfactory traits are thus expected to diverge between plant populations experiencing different pollinator environments. Indeed, plants experiencing different pollinators among population were found to produce population-specific scents and likely be adapted to the locally available pollinator climate (Mant et al 2005;Stökl et al 2009;Sun et al 2014).…”

Section: Such Variations In Floralmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known from previous studies that the pollinators of the trap flowers of C. calceolus are predominantly various solitary bees from the genera Andrena, Lasioglossum, and Halictus (Kull 1999;Nilsson 1979 and references therein) which are attracted by visual and olfactory floral cues (Daumann 1968;Nilsson 1979). However, it is unknown whether the pollinator climate of C. calceolus varies among altitude as shown for other plants (e.g., Pellmyr 1986;Sun et al 2014). …”

Section: Such Variations In Floralmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interpopulation variation in pollinators and floral scent of the lady’s-slipper orchid Cypripedium calceolus L.

Braunschmid

Mükisch

Rupp

et al. 2017

Arthropod-Plant Interactions

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and octyl acetate, scents differed among populations. Similarly, there were strong differences in flower visitor spectra among populations with most abundant flower visitors being bees and syrphid flies at low and high altitudes, respectively. Pollinator climate differed also among populations; however, independent of altitude, most pollinators were bees of Lasioglossum, Andrena, and Nomada. Only few syrphids acted as pollinators and this is the first record of flies as pollinators in C. calceolus. The electrophysiological tests showed that bees and syrphid flies sensed many of the compounds released by the flowers, among them linalool and octyl acetate. Overall, we found that both floral scent and visitor/pollinator climate differ among populations. We discuss whether interpopulation variation in scent is a result of pollinator-mediated selection.

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