Flood Inundation Analysis in Penang Island (Malaysia) Based on InSAR Maps of Land Subsidence and Local Sea Level Scenarios

Abstract

Penang Island is an important economic center in Malaysia and most of its population live in the coastal areas. Although previous studies have shown that it is vulnerable to rising sea levels, the combination of sea-level rise and local land subsidence would be devastating. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply the local land subsidence model to estimate the inundated areas which relate to sea level rise by 2100. Land subsidence is quantified by the SBAS-InSAR technique on the basis of Sentinel-1 radar images for both ascending and descending tracks. For the first time, the geostatistical analyst method is used to merge the different track results and create the land subsidence models, the results show this method can maximize land deformation fields and minimize deformation errors. According to the land deformation results, all of the coastlines in the east of the island have differing medium levels of subsidence, especially in reclaimed lands and building areas. Lastly, the bathtub model is used to quantify the inundated areas by combing regional sea-level rise projection and local land subsidence models under CoastalDEM in 2100 projections. The results of this study indicate land subsidence that would increase 2.0% and 5.9% of the inundated area based on the different scenarios by 2100 projections.

Land Subsidence Estimation for Aquifer Drainage Induced by Underground Mining

“…Unfortunately, drainage-related land subsidence may be associated with the occurrence of many geohazards. Floods [32], earth fissures [33] and infrastructure damage [34] are examples of these. However, land subsidence due to the compression of alluvial deposits has been monitored, documented and widely acknowledged for many years.…”

Research on College English Teaching Evaluation Based on Neural Network

“…erefore, the interpersonal interaction mode is designed in the interactive mechanism teaching mode shown in Figure 4 to form a twoway interaction process between teachers and students. On the basis of content interaction, let students use communication tools to feed back their needs for teachers' teaching and their opinions on teachers' English classroom to teachers, and then, teachers provide learning support services for students according to students' feedback, so as to form a two-way teacher-student interaction process and establish a new interactive mechanism college English teaching environment that directly affects the relationship between teachers and students [23,24].…”

Intertidal zonation of live benthic foraminiferal assemblages from mangrove environments around south-west Penang Island, Peninsular Malaysia

“…The mangrove forests on the island cover ~6.8 km 2 and are mostly found along the west coast of Balik Pulau (Chee et al ., 2017) (Figure 1C). The island experiences a tropical climate with relative humidity varying from 60.9–96.8% and the annual rainfall ranges from 2670–3250 mm (Gao et al ., 2021). Over the past three decades, the island experienced an average sea level rise rate of 3.2 mm year −1 and this is expected to rise from 320–7320 mm above 2000 levels by 2100 (Gao et al ., 2021).…”