Flocculation of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> with alum and pH adjustment

Mohseni, Farnaz; Zenooz, Alireza Moosavi

doi:10.1002/bab.2182

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…Another study reported the use of the alum flocculation method to harvest C. vulgaris biomass. Another study reported that the highest flocculation efficiency (>90%) was attained at the concentration of 0.5 g/L flocculant with pH 8.2 of the growth medium [56]. A recent study indicated that sulfate flocculants (aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate) and chloride flocculants (aluminum chloride and ferric chloride) were utilized for C. vulgaris harvesting.…”

Section: Chemical Flocculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Harvesting Techniques of Microalgae

Deepa,

Sowndhararajan,

Kim

2023

Water

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Algae are an important group of photosynthetic autotrophs and are commonly found in different types of water bodies, including paddy fields. The algal group possesses distinctive characteristics and ranges from prokaryotic cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae. Within these, microalgae are unicellular microorganisms widely distributed in saltwater as well as freshwater environments. Microalgae species have been utilized in different fields, especially animal and human nutrition, medicine, bioremediation, and bio-fertilizers. Recently, numerous studies have reported the importance of microalgae in the production of biofuel. Further, microalgae have great carbon dioxide fixation efficiency during growth, so farmable land is not required for cultivating microalgae. Microalgae biomass production is a three-step process: cultivation, harvesting, and processing. Of these, the harvesting process is considered challenging due to its high cost, and it directly affects the processing step. In addition, several factors influence the harvesting process, including the size of microalgae cells (<30 µm), cultural conditions of microalgae, electronegative property of cell membrane, growth rate, etc. The harvesting of microalgae is an elaborate process that involves different chemical or mechanical approaches. A number of harvesting techniques have been utilized to recover algal biomass, such as membrane filtration, chemical and bio-flocculation, flotation centrifugation, sedimentation, and coagulation. In this context, this review aims to discuss various types of techniques used for harvesting microalgae. This review could be useful for selecting appropriate harvesting technology for enhancing the yield of microalgae biomass.

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Section: Chemical Flocculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Harvesting Techniques of Microalgae

Deepa,

Sowndhararajan,

Kim

2023

Water

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“…The optimal dose level within the studied concentration range was 160 mg/L. Both under and overdosing could result in poor solid-liquid separation [52]. A natural flocculant that outperformed the CC was a commercial chitosan product with a 73% TSS reduction [53].…”

Section: Algal Harvestingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Cationic Cellulose as a Natural Flocculant/Sorbent and Its Application in Three Water Treatment Scenarios

Haleem

Zhang

Jamal

et al. 2023

Water

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In this study, cationic cellulose (CC) was prepared by etherifying commercial cellulose with (3-chloro-2 hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in an alkaline medium. The prepared CC was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The characterization results affirmed the successful cationization of cellulose. Upon optimization of reaction conditions, a CC sample with a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.857 was achieved. The CC sample was then tested as a flocculant or sorbent in three environmental applications: algal harvesting, solid removal from dairy wastewater, and capture of methyl orange (MO) in dye wastewater. The effects of dose level and pH on flocculation/sorption performance were studied. Under the optimal dose level and pH conditions, up to 90.4% of dry algal biomass and 53.3% of suspended solids in the dairy wastewater were removed, as measured by standard jar testing. Around 64.2% of MO in the synthetic wastewater was sorbed on the prepared CC and removed, as determined by absorbance at 463 nm. The new CC preparation method exempts the pre-dissolution of cellulose in a solvent and is expected to promote the application of CC in water treatment and the alike scenarios.

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“…The term 'alum' usually refers to a hydrated double sulphate salt of aluminium with the general formula XAl (SO 4 ) 2 •12H 2 O, where X is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium with the former being the most widely used [52]. This pre-concentration of cells could significantly reduce operational costs, but centrifugation is still necessary.…”

Section: Flocculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production

et al. 2021

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A number of technological challenges need to be overcome if algae are to be utilized for commercial fuel production. Current economic assessment is largely based on laboratory scale up or commercial systems geared to the production of high value products, since no industrial scale plant exits that are dedicated to algal biofuel. For macroalgae (‘seaweeds’), the most promising processes are anaerobic digestion for biomethane production and fermentation for bioethanol, the latter with levels exceeding those from sugar cane. Currently, both processes could be enhanced by increasing the rate of degradation of the complex polysaccharide cell walls to generate fermentable sugars using specifically tailored hydrolytic enzymes. For microalgal biofuel production, open raceway ponds are more cost-effective than photobioreactors, with CO2 and harvesting/dewatering costs estimated to be ~50% and up to 15% of total costs, respectively. These costs need to be reduced by an order of magnitude if algal biodiesel is to compete with petroleum. Improved economics could be achieved by using a low-cost water supply supplemented with high glucose and nutrients from food grade industrial wastewater and using more efficient flocculation methods and CO2 from power plants. Solar radiation of not <3000 h·yr−1 favours production sites 30° north or south of the equator and should use marginal land with flat topography near oceans. Possible geographical sites are discussed. In terms of biomass conversion, advances in wet technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction, anaerobic digestion, and transesterification for algal biodiesel are presented and how these can be integrated into a biorefinery are discussed.

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Flocculation of Chlorella vulgaris with alum and pH adjustment

Cited by 5 publications

References 74 publications

A Review of the Harvesting Techniques of Microalgae

A Review of the Harvesting Techniques of Microalgae

Preparation of Cationic Cellulose as a Natural Flocculant/Sorbent and Its Application in Three Water Treatment Scenarios

Key Targets for Improving Algal Biofuel Production

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