Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review

Yin, Ji-Hang; Kelly, Patrick J.; Wang, Chengming

doi:10.3390/vetsci9060300

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The findings from the current study support the increasing evidence of the importance of flies both as vectors and sentinels for bacterial pathogens and associated AMR determinants [ 53 ]. It is of note that multidrug resistant C. jejuni of ST-1839, which as noted has previously been frequently reported from turkeys in North Carolina [ 34 , 35 , 46 ], has now been repeatedly encountered not only in turkey feces but also among multiple fly-derived isolates from the turkey farms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Houseflies in Commercial Turkey Farms Are Frequently Resistant to Multiple Antimicrobials and Exhibit Pronounced Genotypic Diversity

et al. 2023

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Campylobacter is a leading foodborne pathogen, and poultry are a major vehicle for infection. Houseflies play important roles in colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter but comparable information for turkey farms is limited. Here, we investigated houseflies as potential vectors for Campylobacter in 28 commercial turkey flocks. We characterized species, genotypes, and the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of Campylobacter from turkey feces and houseflies in the same turkey house. Of the 28 flocks, 25 yielded Campylobacter from turkey droppings and houseflies, with an average of 6.25 and 3.11 Campylobacter log CFU/g feces and log CFU/fly, respectively. Three flocks were negative for Campylobacter both in turkey feces and in houseflies. Both C. coli and C. jejuni were detected in turkey feces and houseflies, with C. coli more likely to be recovered from houseflies than feces. Determination of Campylobacter species, genotypes, and AMR profiles revealed up to six different strains in houseflies from a single house, including multidrug-resistant strains. For the predominant strain types, presence in houseflies was predictive of presence in feces, and vice versa. These findings suggest that houseflies may serve as vehicles for dissemination of Campylobacter, including multidrug-resistant strains, within a turkey house, and potentially between different turkey houses and farms in the same region.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Houseflies in Commercial Turkey Farms Are Frequently Resistant to Multiple Antimicrobials and Exhibit Pronounced Genotypic Diversity

et al. 2023

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“…Coprophagic flies are commonly contaminated with gut bacteria, since both adult and larval flies feed on animal faeces (Zurek & Ghosh, 2014). Due to their widespread occurrence, flies have recently been proposed as useful targets for sentinel surveys to monitor antimicrobial resistance (Yin et al, 2022). Flying distances of several kilometres per day have been documented for individual M. domestica by releasing and recapturing dye‐labelled flies (Quarterman et al, 1954; Schoof et al, 1952).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The airborne spread of E. coli is limited by the pathogen's low desiccation tolerance (Siller et al, 2021). The common house fly ( Musca domestica ), however, has been identified as a vector of AMR E. coli and diverse other pathogens (Graczyk et al, 2001; Khamesipour et al, 2018; Onwugamba et al, 2018; Yin et al, 2022). House flies are coprophagic, that is, they feed on faeces and manure, which contain abundant faecal pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial genome sequencing tracks the housefly‐associated dispersal of fluoroquinolone‐ and cephalosporin‐resistant Escherichia coli from a pig farm

Behrens

Kolte

Junker

et al. 2023

Environmental Microbiology

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The regular use of antimicrobials in livestock production selects for antimicrobial resistance. The potential impact of this practice on human health needs to be studied in more detail, including the role of the environment for the persistence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. During an investigation of a pig farm and its surroundings in Brandenburg, Germany, we detected abundant cephalosporin-and fluoroquinoloneresistant Escherichia coli in pig faeces, sedimented dust, and house flies (Musca domestica). Genome sequencing of E. coli isolates revealed large phylogenetic diversity and plasmid-borne extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) genes CTX-M-1 in multiple strains. [Correction added on 28 February 2023, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, 'and TEM-1' was previously included but has been deleted in this version.] Close genomic relationships indicated frequent transmission of antimicrobialresistant E. coli between pigs from different herds and across buildings of the farm and suggested dust and flies as vectors for dissemination of faecal pathogens. Strikingly, we repeatedly recovered E. coli from flies collected up to 2 km away from the source, whose genome sequences were identical or closely related to those from pig faeces isolates, indicating the flyassociated transport of diverse ESBL-producing E. coli from the pig farm into urban habitation areas. The observed proximity of contaminated flies to human households poses a risk of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant enteric pathogens from livestock to man.Wiebke Behrens, Baban Kolte, and Vera Junker contributed equally to this study.

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“…Houseflies are an important vector for the transmission of MDR bacteria (Yin et al . 2022). This represents an insurmountable threat to consumer health.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

ERIC-PCR-based molecular typing of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from houseflies (Musca domestica) in the environment of milk and meat shops

Chandrakar

Shakya

Patyal

et al. 2022

Letters in Applied Microbiology

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Significance and impact of the study: Houseflies (Musca domestica) are endophilic cosmopolitan pests of medical and veterinary importance. These are associated with regions of human activities such as food centres, butcher houses, animal farms and surrounding areas and create an annoyance to people, poultry and domestic farm animals. The present study reports that housefly samples collected from milk and meat outlets were positive for multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and harbour bla CTX-M and bla TEM genes in plasmid along with other resistant genes for tetracyclines and quinolones. The presence of MDR genes in bacteria isolated from housefly samples is of serious concern from public health and food safety points of view. Investigation of genetic determinants of MDR in bacteria would be of great value for formulating and validating suitable control strategies to combat the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

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Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 85 publications

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Houseflies in Commercial Turkey Farms Are Frequently Resistant to Multiple Antimicrobials and Exhibit Pronounced Genotypic Diversity

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Houseflies in Commercial Turkey Farms Are Frequently Resistant to Multiple Antimicrobials and Exhibit Pronounced Genotypic Diversity

Bacterial genome sequencing tracks the housefly‐associated dispersal of fluoroquinolone‐ and cephalosporin‐resistant Escherichia coli from a pig farm

ERIC-PCR-based molecular typing of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from houseflies (Musca domestica) in the environment of milk and meat shops

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