Flexure of layered cranial bone

Hubbard, Robert P.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(71)90031-5

Cited by 106 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Few studies have reported bending properties of adult cranial bone (Hubbard, 1971;Delille et al, 2007) while studies examining fetal or infant cranial bone are more common (McPherson and Kriewall, 1980;Margulies and Thibault, 2000;Jans, 2003;Coats and Margulies, 2006). Adult and fetal cranial bones are physically different, as noted earlier and these differences should be regarded when comparing other studies against this work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…However, corresponding studies into human cranial bone, which has been tested in compression, tension and bending (Evans and Lissner, 1957;McElhaney et al, 1970;Wood, 1971;Hubbard, 1971;McPherson and Kriewall, 1980;Margulies and Thibault, 2000;Delille et al, 2003Delille et al, , 2007Jans, 2003;Coats and Margulies, 2006) vary significantly. The majority of these studies concentrate on fetal cranial bone at quasi-static testing speeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanical properties of cranial bone: The effect of loading rate and cranial sampling position

Motherway

Verschueren

Perre

et al. 2009

Journal of Biomechanics

161

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Linear and depressed skull fractures are frequent mechanisms of head injury and are often associated with traumatic brain injury. Accurate knowledge of the fracture of cranial bone can provide insight into the prevention of skull fracture injuries and help aid the design of energy absorbing head protection systems and safety helmets. Cranial bone is a complex material comprising of a three-layered structure: external layers consist of compact, high-density cortical bone and the central layer consists of a low-density, irregularly porous bone structure.In this study, cranial bone specimens were extracted from 8 fresh-frozen cadavers (F=4, M=4; 81±11 yrs old). 63 specimens were obtained from the parietal and frontal cranial bones. Prior to testing, all specimens were scanned using a µCT scanner at a resolution of 56.9µm. The specimens were tested in a three-point bend set-up at different dynamic speeds (0.5, 1 and 2.5 m/s). The associated mechanical properties that were calculated for each specimen include the 2 nd moment of inertia, the sectional elastic modulus, the maximum force at failure, the energy absorbed until failure and the maximum bending stress. Additionally, the morphological parameters of each specimen and their correlation with the resulting mechanical parameters were examined.It was found that testing speed, strain rate, cranial sampling position and intercranial variation all have a significant effect on some or all of the computed mechanical parameters. A modest correlation was also found between percent bone volume and both the elastic modulus and the maximum bending stress.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanical properties of cranial bone: The effect of loading rate and cranial sampling position

Motherway

Verschueren

Perre

et al. 2009

Journal of Biomechanics

161

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“…This type of structure is a strong barrier protecting the brain, in which the diploë acts similar to a compressible cushion. Other investigators have explored similar concepts, such as Hubbard's (1971) layered beam model of the cranium, and Goldsmith's (1972) ideas regarding the ability of the diploë to reduce the weight of the skull without proportionately reducing its strength. None of these studies considered specific features of the structure of the outer and inner tables of cortical bone.…”

Section: Functional Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material properties of the inner and outer cortical tables of the human parietal bone

Peterson¹,

Dechow²

2002

Anat. Rec.

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Even though the cranial vault functions as protection for the brain and as a support structure for facial and masticatory functions, little is known about its mechanical properties or their variations. The cranial vault bone is interesting because of its maintenance in spite of low functional strains, and because calvarial bone cells are often used in cell culture studies. We measured thickness, density, and ash weight, and ultrasonically determined elastic properties throughout the cortices of 10 human parietal bones. The results are unique for studies of the cranial vault because: 1) measurements focused specifically on the cortical components, 2) the orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness were determined before measurement of elastic properties, and 3) two related measurements (bone density and percent ash weight) were compared. Results showed that the periosteal cortical plate (outer table) and the endosteal cortical plate (inner table) had significant differences in material properties. The outer table was on average thicker, denser, and stiffer than the inner table, which had a higher ash weight percentage. Within each table there were significant differences in thicknesses, ash weight percentages, and E 2 /E 3 anisotropies among sites. Few sites on either table had significant orientations of the axes of maximum stiffness. Despite this apparent randomness in orientation, almost all sites exhibited anisotropies equivalent to other parts of the skeleton. Anat Rec 268:7-15, 2002.

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“…Irwin and Mertz [18] established a curve based on the studies of McPherson and Kriewall [19] who presented elastic modulus for bending of parietal bone of six-year-old and new born children as 6.6 GPa and 2.5 GPa, respectively, while adult parietal bone elastic modulus was presented by Hubbard [20]. Figure 3 shows Irwin's curve.…”

Section: Biomechanical Response Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modified Hybrid III 6-Year-Old Dummy Head Model for Lateral Impact Assessment

Rafukka

Sahari

Aziz

et al. 2016

International Journal of Vehicular Technology

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Hybrid III six-year-old (6YO) child dummy head model was developed and validated for frontal impact assessment according to the specifications contained in Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Part 572.122, Subpart N by Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC). This work is aimed at improving biofidelity of the head for frontal impact and also extending its application to lateral impact assessment by modifying the head skin viscoelastic properties and validating the head response using the scaled nineyear-old (9YO) child cadaver head response recently published in the literature. The modified head model was validated for two drop heights for frontal, right, and left parietal impact locations. Peak resultant acceleration of the modified head model appeared to have good correlation with scaled 9YO child cadaver head response for frontal impact on dropping from 302 mm height and fair correlation with 12.3% difference for 151 mm drop height. Right parietal peak resultant acceleration values correlate well with scaled 9YO head experimental data for 153 mm drop height, while fair correlation with 16.4% difference was noticed for 302 mm drop height. Left parietal, however, shows low biofidelity for the two drop heights as the difference in head acceleration response was within 30%. The modified head model could therefore be used to estimate injuries in vehicle crash for head parietal impact locations which cannot be measured by the current hybrid III dummy head model.

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Flexure of layered cranial bone

Cited by 106 publications

References 2 publications

The mechanical properties of cranial bone: The effect of loading rate and cranial sampling position

The mechanical properties of cranial bone: The effect of loading rate and cranial sampling position

Material properties of the inner and outer cortical tables of the human parietal bone

A Modified Hybrid III 6-Year-Old Dummy Head Model for Lateral Impact Assessment

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