Flexible two‐stage robust model for moving the transmission and reactive power infrastructures expansion planning towards power system integration of renewables

Abstract

This study proposes a two-stage robust optimisation framework to model uncertainties in construction cost, load and renewable power generations (RPGs) in the coordinated transmission and reactive power infrastructure expansion planning problem. The proposed planning model, based on the network AC model and its voltage constraints, is represented as a mixedinteger linear programing problem with the aim of minimising: (i) the construction costs of lines, (ii) installation cost of reactive power resources and (iii) active load shedding as RPGs curtailment. Using the suggested robust optimisation approach, the best expansion plan is obtained even in the worst case of the defined uncertainty sets and the plan robustness level is controlled via parameter definition for the individual uncertainty sets. The Benders decomposition algorithm is used to solve the two-stage problem where the plan security level is also taken into consideration using the N−1 contingency criterion. The standard Garver 6-bus system and the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system are used to validate the proposed robust framework.

A comprehensive review of reliability assessment methodologies for grid‐connected photovoltaic systems

“…In [37], the reliability evaluation of power system integrated with wind technology is done using a probabilistic technique, FIGURE 6 Reliability assessment of power grid system [36]. ASAI, average service availability index; CAIDI, customer average interruption duration index; SAIDI, system average interruption duration index; SAIFI, system average interruption frequency index; DER, distributed energy resource; SD, storage device.…”

“…13). The steady state probabilities is given by Equations ( 5) and (6). Similarly, for a two repairable component system the steady state probabilities is given by Equations ( 7) and (8).…”

“…With the incorporation of distributed generation (DG) and demand side management (DSM) in recent years, the parameters such as uncertainties in load, renewable energy generation cost, and plug-in-electric vehicles must also be considered. The author in [6] has used a two-stage robust optimization approach, for adding the unpredictability of input parameters (consisting of cost incurred during construction, load applied, and generation from RESs). The transmission expansion planning and reactive power planning issues are resolved based on Benders decomposition.…”

Multistage AC transmission expansion planning including fault current‐limiting high‐temperature superconducting cables and multiple distributed generations to improve short‐circuit level and grid‐scale flexibility

“…The controllability and efficiency of fault current limiters reported in [21] were improved using series-type FACTS devices in [22]. The second stream of research, however, focuses on boosting different flexibility requirements in the transmission grids regardless of fault conditions [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

“…Constraints (36) and (37) also ensure the same for the FCL-HTS cables. The fourth group, relationships (38)- (39), corresponds to the financial constraints [23]. Constraints (38) and (39) state that the maximum available investment budgets cannot exceed the predefined cap values at stage t and all stages, respectively.…”