Flexible liquid metal coil prepared for electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless charging

Guo, Sen; Wang, Peng; Zhang, Jichuan; Luan, Wenpeng; Xia, Zishuo; Cao, Lingxiao; He, Zhi‐Zhu

doi:10.1007/s11708-019-0632-0

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Alternatively, other conductors can be used including polymer composites, [292] thin-film deposited/printed electrical conductors, [293][294][295][296][297][298][299][300] or stretchable liquid metals. [301][302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310] Inductors should be designed to accurately control the efficiency of power transfer and heat loss in the energy harvesting device. Factors such as the electrical conductivity of the coil, number of coil turns, the position of the coil, and the operative frequency should be chosen appropriately based on the requirements of the system.…”

Section: Inductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To improve the inductance of the coils, several studies have focused on loading polymer with magnetic particles (to increase μ r ) to create stretchable magnetic cores for flexible inductors. [304,309,312,313]…”

Section: Inductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[301,302,304,305,307,308] Generally, inductors made with various types of liquid metals are based on injection of liquid metals into predefined fluidic channels. [301][302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310] Because liquid metal can be deformed, studies have quantified the effect of tensile and comprehensive strain on the inductance and DC electrical resistance for each inductor. [301] Below 100% strain, the inductance of a solenoid-shaped inductor can either decrease or increase based on the direction of the strain.…”

Section: Liquid Metal-based Coils and Energy Harvestersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Harvesting and Storage with Soft and Stretchable Materials

et al. 2021

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Soft robotics can interact with humans safely. 3) Devices built from stretchable materials have a greater mechanical degree of freedom. This allows electronics, displays, and sensors to be integrated into places that would be difficult or impossible with rigid devices and enables new types of human-computer interfaces. It also allows robotics to have enhanced levels of dexterity and complexity in movement (consider the octopus as an inspiring example). 4) Devices that can be deformed elastically can be engineered to have new or emerging properties, such as antennas that change frequency with elongation, [21] intelligent materials that can perform unconventional forms of logic, [22,23] or composites that change thermal conductivity, [24] electrical conductivity, [25] or dielectric properties with deformation. [26][27][28] Most robotic and electronic devices require electricity to function, as shown on the left side of Figure 1A. Electricity can power sensors, enable computation, drive locomotion, and transmit information. Although most devices use electricity from an outlet, such "tethered" devices create notable limitations. In addition to limiting the degree of freedom of robotic materials, plug-in devices must be within a chords-length of a functioning outlet, thereby confining the range of use of such devices. Although battery operated devices can operate for some time without being plugged-in, the need to do so periodically is at best a nuisance that limits the operating time of a device. At worst, it can lead to issues such as lack of compliance with wearable devices (that is, the device is taken off for charging and never put back on) or disruptions in operation (a particular problem for health care devices or remotely deployed devices). Thus, there is a compelling interest in harvesting energy from the ambient to create tetherless devices or even devices that need less charging. Figure 1A (right side) provides examples of applications that may benefit from harvesting, such as internetof-things (IOT) devices, soft robots, wearables, implantables, and deployables (that is, devices sent to remote locations that do not have electrical outlets). Energy Harvesting CategoriesStrategies to harness energy typically convert waste or otherwise unused energy from the ambient into electricity. Although This review highlights various modes of converting ambient sources of energy into electricity using soft and stretchable materials. These mechanical properties are useful for emerging classes of stretchable electronics, e-skins, bio-integrated wearables, and soft robotics. The ability to harness energy from the environment allows these types of devices to be tetherless, thereby leading to a greater range of motion (in the case of robotics), better compliance (in the case of wearables and e-skins), and increased application space (in the case of electronics). A variety of energy sources are available including mechanical (vibrations, human motion, wind/fluid motion), electromagnetic (radio frequency (RF), solar), and ther...

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Section: Inductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Liquid Metal-based Coils and Energy Harvestersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Harvesting and Storage with Soft and Stretchable Materials

et al. 2021

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“…Guo et al. [ 160 ] investigated a flexible liquid metal coil based on inductive coupling for electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless charging that was fabricated by perfusing liquid metal into an elastic silicone tube terminated at the end with a gallium‐plated copper wire. The liquid metal coil‐based magnetic energy harvester achieved an output power of 260 mW for the primary wire carrying current of 10 A and electronic loading of 50 Ω. Feng et al.…”

Section: Power Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Deformable Circuit Components with Liquid Metal

Bury

Chun

Koh

2021

Adv Elect Materials

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Deformable electronics, specifically those incorporating liquid metal, allow for previously inaccessible mechanical behavior and exciting new technologies. This is demonstrated by recent, promising advances in the fabrication, characterization, device performance, and applications of liquid metal electronics. Through the use of liquid metals and soft, stretchable materials, it is shown that devices that provide stretchability and improved safety and comfort between humans and machines can achieve comparable or better electrical performance than conventional alternatives. Many of the latest major advances in liquid metal electronics focus on fundamental, deformable, passive circuit components and materials including capacitors, inductors, resistors, electrodes, wires, and composite materials, such as advances in biomimicry and deformation‐based sensing using both capacitors and inductors. Liquid metal passive components and materials have led to further progress in deformable secondary devices and applications such as antennas, actuators, power sources, and thermal management devices, including mechanical tuning for antennas, self‐sensing actuators, and power sources operational under stress. While deformable liquid metal electronics are still faced with challenges, the continued expansion of the field of liquid metal circuits is dramatically altering the research landscape of reconfigurable, self‐healable, and magnetically controllable electronics and revolutionalizing the way that electronics will be used in the future.

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“…Current density J demonstrated in heating is on the order of 1 kAcm −2 (e.g., 0.80 kAcm −2 , [ 31 ] 0.950 kAcm −2 [ 32 ] ). Wireless power transfer with Galinstan has been used for device charging ( J = 0.3 kAcm −2 , [ 34 ] J = 1–20 kAcm −2 [ 35 ] ) and wireless wearable devices. [ 36 ] Finally, silicone‐encapsulated Galinstan serves as the stretchable coil for electromagnetic actuators in soft robots, [ 37,38 ] pumps, [ 39 ] and loudspeakers, [ 40 ] with demonstrated current densities from 0.05 [ 37 ] to 10 kAcm −2 .…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Lifetime of Liquid Metal Wires for Stretchable Devices

Dorsey¹,

Lazarus

2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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As stretchable devices become well established for applications in soft robotics and wearable devices, the compliant conductors that make these applications possible must also be reliable and survive for the entire device lifetime. Liquid metals such as Galinstan are a potential solution as non‐toxic, stretchable, and low‐resistance conductors. Rigorous investigations of liquid metal lifetimes, however, are limited. This work presents the median lifetime of liquid metal‐filled silicone tubes under current density on the order of 1 kAcm−2, which is necessary for applications such as electromagnetic actuators. In these conductors, the median lifetime increases by a factor of over 4700 as current decreases from 2 to 1 kAcm−2. By cooling the sample, median failure time increases from 112 s to 9.4 h, which suggests straightforward solutions to maximize liquid metal wire lifetime by increasing thermal conductivity or by duty cycling the applied current.

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Flexible liquid metal coil prepared for electromagnetic energy harvesting and wireless charging

Cited by 32 publications

References 24 publications

Energy Harvesting and Storage with Soft and Stretchable Materials

Energy Harvesting and Storage with Soft and Stretchable Materials

Recent Advances in Deformable Circuit Components with Liquid Metal

Lifetime of Liquid Metal Wires for Stretchable Devices

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