Flexible Grouping for Enhanced Energy Utilization Efficiency in Battery Energy Storage Systems

Abstract

Abstract:As a critical subsystem in electric vehicles and smart grids, a battery energy storage system plays an essential role in enhancement of reliable operation and system performance. In such applications, a battery energy storage system is required to provide high energy utilization efficiency, as well as reliability. However, capacity inconsistency of batteries affects energy utilization efficiency dramatically; and the situation becomes more severe after hundreds of cycles because battery capacities change randomly due to non-uniform aging. Capacity mismatch can be solved by decomposing a cluster of batteries in series into several low voltage battery packs. This paper introduces a new analysis method to optimize energy utilization efficiency by finding the best number of batteries in a pack, based on capacity distribution, order statistics, central limit theorem, and converter efficiency. Considering both battery energy utilization and power electronics efficiency, it establishes that there is a maximum energy utilization efficiency under a given capacity distribution among a certain number of batteries, which provides a basic analysis for system-level optimization of a battery system throughout its life cycle. Quantitative analysis results based on aging data are illustrated, and a prototype of flexible energy storage systems is built to verify this analysis.

New Configuration and Novel Reclosing Procedure of Distribution System for Utilization of BESS as UPS in Smart Grid

“…The meanings of the numbers in each waveform shown in this paper are as follows: (1) (5): Reclosing of CB1 when the first reclosing of CB2 is successful, i.e., the fault is cleared (6): Re-open of CB1 when the first reclosing of CB2 is not successful, i.e., the fault is not cleared (7): Second reclosing attempt of CB2 (8): Reclosing of CB1 when the second reclosing of CB2 is successful, i.e., the fault is cleared (9): Re-open of CB1 when the second reclosing of CB2 is not successful, i.e., the fault is not cleared 4.3.1. Case 1 Figure 8 shows the root-mean-square (RMS) waveform of the load current in Case 1.…”

“…In [1][2][3][4][5], the control strategies for the output smoothing through linkage of the BESS and renewable energy were discussed. In [6][7][8][9], the energy management strategy using a BESS were discussed. In [10,11], the applications of a BESS for demand response were discussed.…”

Toward Group Applications: A Critical Review of the Classification Strategies of Lithium-Ion Batteries

“…Reference [139] adopts the cycle probability prediction algorithm to predict the battery cycle life. Reference [140], according to capacity distribution, order statistics, central limit theorem, and converter efficiency, optimizes energy efficiency by finding the best number of cells in a battery pack. Reference [141] analyzes the evaluation method of battery sorting from the perspective of capacity and internal resistance, combined with mathematical analysis, and proposes an accurate battery selection strategy.…”

Tuning and Feasibility Analysis of Classical First-Order MIMO Non-Linear Sliding Mode Control Design for Industrial Applications

“…Thanks to the increasing spread and development of performing microprocessors, the computation time of controller processors has been drastically reduced over the past decade, allowing the implementation of more and more complex control architectures. This fact, combined with the current more and more pressing issue of increased efficiency in each industrial field (e.g., in power generation [1][2][3][4], the transport sector [5][6][7], energy utilization [8,9], renewable energy [10][11][12], and so on), strongly favors the development and implementation of more sophisticated control theories, such as model-based ones. Among model-based control techniques experiencing wide popularity, model predictive control (MPC) [13][14][15], feedback linearization (FBL) [16,17], and sliding mode (SM) control [18] stand out.…”