Flexible Electrochemical Transducer Platform for Neurotransmitters

Abstract

We have designed a flexible electrochemical transducer film based on PEDOT–titania–poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PTS) for the simultaneous detection of neurotransmitters. PTS films were characterized using various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, four probe electrical conductivity, ac-impedance, and thermomechanical stability. The electrocatalytic behavior of the flexible PTS film toward the oxidation of neurotransmitters was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The fabricated transducer measured a limit of detection of 100 nm ± 5 with a response time of 15 s and a sensitivity of 63 μA mM–1 cm–2. The fabricated transducer film demonstrated for the simultaneous determination of epinephrine, dopamine, ascorbic acid, and uric acid with no interference between the analyte molecules. Further, transducer performance is validated by performing with real samples. The results suggested that the fabricated flexible PTS transducer with superior electrocatalytic activity, stability, and low response time can be explored for the sensing of neurotransmitters and hence can be exploited at in vitro and in vivo conditions for the early detection of the various diseases.

Nanowires of polyaniline festooned silver coated paper electrodes for efficient solid-state symmetrical supercapacitors

“…The percolation region was found to be at PAg3 where the conductivity increased drastically beyond which the percolation was achieved. 40 …”

“…The inset displays the equivalent circuit (Randles model) used to fit the Nyquist diagrams, which consists of a solution resistance R s connected in series with the double layer capacitance ( C dl ), charge transfer resistance ( R ct ), and Warburg impedance ( Z w ), respectively. 40 …”

“…The percolation region was found to be at PAg3 where the conductivity increased drastically beyond which the percolation was achieved. 40 Scheme 1 Formation of silver stacked PANI based paper electrodes. PAg4 decorated with silver PANI nanowire network exhibited highest conductivity (211.24 S cm À1 ), which is mainly attributed to the uniform silver stacking in the paper thereby providing smooth conducting channels through conductive PANI for efficient electron transport.…”

“…The inset displays the equivalent circuit (Randles model) used to t the Nyquist diagrams, which consists of a solution resistance R s connected in series with the double layer capacitance (C dl ), charge transfer resistance (R ct ), and Warburg impedance (Z w ), respectively. 40 The specic capacitance of the supercapacitors at current density of 5 mA g À1 were evaluated from the galvanostatic charge/discharge using eqn (2) given below.…”

Nanosheet composed of gold nanoparticle/graphene/epoxy resin based on ultrasonic fabrication for flexible dopamine biosensor using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

“…On the other hand, flexible sensors could capture target analytes more efficiently and showed higher quality signals. Several flexible electrochemical sensor platforms have reported for either in vitro or in vivo monitoring of different biomarkers and neurotransmitters [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Recently, some researches focused on the fabrication of flexible SERS for their biological applications, which including in situ detection based on wrapped the flexible sensor on a solid substrate; besides, few studies have reported the uses of flexible sensors for the direct detection of analytes in the liquid phase [14].…”