Abstract:Wearable sensors for non-invasive monitoring constitute a growing technology in many industrial fields, such as clinical or sport monitoring. However, one of the main challenges in wearable sensing is the development of bioelectrodes via the use of flexible and stretchable materials capable of maintaining conductive and biocompatible properties simultaneously. In this study, chitosan-carbon black (CH-CB) membranes have been synthesized using a straightforward and versatile strategy and characterized in terms o… Show more
“…Although one of the limitations of the paper-derived electrodes is their brittleness, several authors have reported that chitosan could be used as a binder , and potentially applied to mitigate this problem. Thus, the electrochemical behavior of the paper-derived sensors modified with chitosan (40 μL, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%) was first assessed by CV (5 mM ferrocyanide in PBS buffer, pH 7.4 at several scan rates and in the −0.2 to +0.6 V range).…”
Several groups have recently explored the idea of developing electrochemical paper-based wearable devices, specifically targeting metabolites in sweat. While these sensors have the potential to provide a breadth of analytical information, there are several key challenges to address before these sensors can be widely adopted for clinical interventions. Toward this goal, we describe the development of a paper-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Enabling the application, this report describes the use of paper-derived carbon electrodes, which were modified with a thin layer of sputtered gold (that minimizes lateral resistivity and significantly improves the electron transfer process) and with chitosan (used as a binder, to offer flexibility). The resulting material was laser-patterned and applied for the development of an electrochemical biosensor controlled (via a wireless connection) by a custom-built, portable potentiostat. As no interference was observed when exposed to other bacteria or common metabolites, this wearable system (paper-derived electrodes + potentiostat) has the potential to detect the presence of S. aureus in the skin, a commonly misdiagnosed and mistreated infection.
“…Although one of the limitations of the paper-derived electrodes is their brittleness, several authors have reported that chitosan could be used as a binder , and potentially applied to mitigate this problem. Thus, the electrochemical behavior of the paper-derived sensors modified with chitosan (40 μL, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0%) was first assessed by CV (5 mM ferrocyanide in PBS buffer, pH 7.4 at several scan rates and in the −0.2 to +0.6 V range).…”
Several groups have recently explored the idea of developing electrochemical paper-based wearable devices, specifically targeting metabolites in sweat. While these sensors have the potential to provide a breadth of analytical information, there are several key challenges to address before these sensors can be widely adopted for clinical interventions. Toward this goal, we describe the development of a paper-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus. Enabling the application, this report describes the use of paper-derived carbon electrodes, which were modified with a thin layer of sputtered gold (that minimizes lateral resistivity and significantly improves the electron transfer process) and with chitosan (used as a binder, to offer flexibility). The resulting material was laser-patterned and applied for the development of an electrochemical biosensor controlled (via a wireless connection) by a custom-built, portable potentiostat. As no interference was observed when exposed to other bacteria or common metabolites, this wearable system (paper-derived electrodes + potentiostat) has the potential to detect the presence of S. aureus in the skin, a commonly misdiagnosed and mistreated infection.
“…[ 43–45 ] Carbon black (Nouryon, Ketjenblack EC‐600JD), a type of conductive nanofiller, was infused with the thermoplastic polyurethane to improve the mechanical and electrical characteristics without losing biocompatibility, [ 53 ] although a detailed biocompatibility study was not performed. However, carbon black has already been used for biocompatible strain sensors and flexible bioelectrodes, [ 50,51 ] and the one used in this study showed high cell viability (100%) at a concentration of 32.5 µg mL −1 during an in vitro cytotoxicity study. [ 52 ] Additionally, as there is no evidence that the CSMP composite is nontoxic, an in vitro cytotoxicity test was performed (according to ISO 10993–5:2009 Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices – Part 5).…”
Variable stiffness (VS) is an important feature that significantly enhances the dexterity of magnetic catheters used in minimally invasive surgeries. Existing magnetic catheters with VS consist of sensors, heaters, and tubular structures filled with low melting point alloys, which have a large stiffness change ratio but are toxic to humans. In this paper, a VS magnetic catheter is described for minimally invasive surgery; the catheter is based on a novel variable stiffness thread (VST), which is made of a conductive shape memory polymer (CSMP). The CSMP is nontoxic and simultaneously serves as a heater, a temperature sensor, and a VS substrate. The VST is made through a new scalable fabrication process, which consists of a dipping technique that enables the fabrication of threads with the desired electrical resistance and thickness (with a step size of 70 µm). Selective bending of a multisegmented VST catheter with a diameter of 2.0 mm under an external magnetic field of 20 mT is demonstrated. Compared to existing proof-of-concept VS catheters for cardiac ablation, each integrated VST segment has the lowest wall thickness of 0.75 mm and an outer diameter of 2.0 mm. The segment bends up to 51° and exhibits a stiffness change factor of 21.
“…As a result, glucose detection has been evaluated to see if it is suitable for future wearable device design (Fig. 21 ) (Buaki-Sogó et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
Section: Bioderived Functional Materials As a Sensor For Biomedical A...mentioning
The lightweight, low-density, and low-cost natural polymers like cellulose, chitosan, and silk have good chemical and biodegradable properties due to their individually unique structural and functional elements. However, the mechanical properties of these polymers differ from each other. In this scenario, chitosan lacks good mechanical properties than cellulose and silk. The synthesis of nano natural polymer and reinforcement with suitable chemical compounds as the development of nanocomposite gives them promising multidisciplinary applications. Many kinds of research are already published with innovative bio-derived polymeric functional materials (Bd-PFM) applications. Most research interest is carried out on health concerns. Lots of attention has been paid to biomedical applications of Bd-PFM as biosensors. This review aims to provide a glimpse of the nanostructures Bd-PFM biosensors.
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