Flavonoid biosynthesis in the tea plant Camellia sinensis: properties of enzymes of the prominent epicatechin and catechin pathways

Punyasiri, P.A.N.; Abeysinghe, I. Sarath B.; Kumar, Vijaya; Treutter, D.; Duy, Daniela; Gosch, Christian; Martens, Stefan; Forkmann, G.; Fischer, Thilo C.

doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.003

Cited by 174 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Como substância biológica ativa, os flavonóides contribuem para muitas das características que fazem do chá verde um componente altamente valioso da dieta humana (PUNYASIRI et al, 2004). O chá verde contém proteínas (15 a 20%), glicídeos (5%), ácido ascórbico, vitaminas do complexo B e bases púricas, especialmente cafeína (2 a 4%), polifenóis (30%): monosídeos e flavionóis e flavonas, catecóis e epicatecóis livres e esterificados pelo ácido gálico e produtos de condensação e taninos (10 a 24%).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Ação dos flavonóides na cicatrização por segunda intenção em feridas limpas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos Wistar

Vieira

Santos

Borges

et al. 2008

Semin. Cienc. Biol. Saude

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ResumoOs flavonóides representam um dos principais grupos de substâncias com atividades farmacológicas em plantas, e são utilizados para elevar a eficácia do processo de cicatrização em feridas e úlceras.A própolis e o chá verde (Camellia sinensis) são dois produtos ricos em flavonóides que apresentam indicações como antiinflamatórios, antibacterianos, antioxidantes e cicatrizantes. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a ação da própolis e do chá verde no processo de cicatrização em feridas limpas. As feridas foram produzidas em 20 ratos Wistar, e em cada rato, foram induzidas duas lesões simétricas de 11 mm de diâmetro, utilizando-se um Punch cirúrgico. As lesões se localizavam do lado esquerdo e direito da região torácica lateral. Posteriormente, os ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos. Grupo 1 -grupo tratado com soro fisiológico à 0,9% (lateral esquerda) e com creme a base de chá verde (Camellia sinensis) à 20% (lateral direita); Grupo 2 -grupo tratado com creme base (lateral esquerda) e tratados com creme a base de própolis à 20% (lateral direita). Os diâmetros das lesões foram medidos a cada três dias. A cicatrização das lesões ocorreu em 15 dias, sendo que não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, apesar dos grupos tratados com creme de chá verde e de própolis apresentaram melhor evolução durante o tratamento. Palavras-chave: Cicatrização. Ratos. Flavonóides. Camellia sinensis. Chá verde. Própolis. AbstractFlavonoids represent one of the main groups of substances with pharmacological activities in plants. They are used to increase the effectiveness of the healing process in wounds and ulcers. Propolis and green tea (Camellia sinensis) are two products rich in flavonoids that present indications as: antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and healing ones. The present study aims to evaluate the action of propolis and green tea on the healing process in clean wounds. The wounds were produced in 20 Wistar rats. In each rat two symmetrical lesions of 11 mm diameter were induced using a surgical punch. The lesions were located on the left and right sides of the lateral thoracic region. Later the rats were divided in 2 groups. Group 1 -treated with 0.9% physiologic solution (left side), and with green teabased cream (Camellia sinensis) at 20% (right side); Group 2 -treated with base cream (left side) and treated with propolis-based cream at 20% (right side). The lesions diameters were measured every three

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Ação dos flavonóides na cicatrização por segunda intenção em feridas limpas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos Wistar

Vieira

Santos

Borges

et al. 2008

Semin. Cienc. Biol. Saude

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“…Epicatechin and EGC levels declined significantly in the infested areas of the leaf during blister blight infection, whereas the levels of ECG and EGCG increased at the translucent stage of the infection and declined on maturation of the blister (Punyasiri et al, 2005). Furthermore, infection of tea leaves susceptible to blister blight gave rise to a shift in the PA stereochemistry away from 2,3-trans (53% and 61% of the total starter and extension units of the PAs, respectively) toward 2,3-cis (26% and 40%, respectively; Nimal Punyasiri et al, 2004), and infection also resulted in increased gallic acid esterification of catechin and epicatechin.…”

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confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of Proanthocyanidin Pathway Enzymes from Tea and Their Application for Metabolic Engineering

et al. 2013

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Tea (Camellia sinensis) is rich in specialized metabolites, especially polyphenolic proanthocyanidins (PAs) and their precursors. To better understand the PA pathway in tea, we generated a complementary DNA library from leaf tissue of the blister blightresistant tea cultivar TRI2043 and functionally characterized key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of PA precursors. Structural genes encoding enzymes involved in the general phenylpropanoid/flavonoid pathway and the PA-specific branch pathway were well represented in the library. Recombinant tea leucoanthocyanidin reductase (CsLAR) expressed in Escherichia coli was active with leucocyanidin as substrate to produce the 2R,3S-trans-flavan-ol (+)-catechin in vitro. Two genes encoding anthocyanidin reductase, CsANR1 and CsANR2, were also expressed in E. coli, and the recombinant proteins exhibited similar kinetic properties. Both converted cyanidin to a mixture of (+)-epicatechin and (2)-catechin, although in different proportions, indicating that both enzymes possess epimerase activity. These epimers were unexpected based on the belief that tea PAs are made from (2)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin. Ectopic expression of CsANR2 or CsLAR led to the accumulation of low levels of PA precursors and their conjugates in Medicago truncatula hairy roots and anthocyanin-overproducing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but levels of oligomeric PAs were very low. Surprisingly, the expression of CsLAR in tobacco overproducing anthocyanin led to the accumulation of higher levels of epicatechin and its glucoside than of catechin, again highlighting the potential importance of epimerization in flavan-3-ol biosynthesis. These data provide a resource for understanding tea PA biosynthesis and tools for the bioengineering of flavanols.

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“…(Xie et al, 2003) and Medicago truncatula Gaertn (Xie et al, 2004). Additionally, the conversion of anthocyanidin into EC and EGC by ANR was confirmed in C. sinensis (Punyasiri et al, 2004;Singh et al, 2009).…”

Section: Methylxanthine) the Trans-catechins Include (+)-Gallocatechmentioning

confidence: 73%

Transcriptomic analysis of Camellia ptilophylla and identification of genes associated with flavonoid and caffeine biosynthesis

Li¹,

Xue²,

Wen³

et al. 2015

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Camellia ptilophylla, or cocoa tea, is naturally decaffeinated and its predominant catechins and purine alkaloids are trans-catechins and theobromine Regular tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze.] is evolutionarily close to cocoa tea and produces cis-catechins and caffeine. Here, the transcriptome of C. ptilophylla was sequenced using the 101-bp paired-end technique. The quality of the raw data was assessed to yield 70,227,953 cleaned reads totaling 7.09 Gbp, which were assembled de novo into 56,695 unique transcripts and then clustered into 44,749 unigenes. In catechin biosynthesis, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) catalyzes the transition of leucoanthocyanidin to trans-catechins, while anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) catalyze cis-catechin production. Our data demonstrate that two LAR genes (CpLAR1 and CpLAR2) by C. ptilophylla may be advantageous due to the combined effects of this quantitative trait, permitting increased leucoanthocyanidin consumption for the synthesis of trans-catechins. In contrast, the only ANS gene observed in C. sinensis (CsANS) shared high identity (99.2%) to one homolog from C. ptilophylla (CpANS1), but lower identity (~80%) 18731-18742 (2015) to another (CpANS2). We hypothesized that the diverged CpANS2 might have lost its ability to synthesize cis-catechins. C. ptilophylla and C. sinensis each contain two copies of ANR, which share high identity and may share the same function. Transcriptomic sequencing captured two N-methyl nucleosidase genes named NMT1 and NMT2. NMT2 was highly identical to three orthologous genes TCS2, PCS2, and ICS2, which did not undergo methylation in vitro; in contrast, NMT1 was less identical to TCS, PCS and ICS, indicating that NMT1 may undergo neofunctionalization.©FUNPEC

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Flavonoid biosynthesis in the tea plant Camellia sinensis: properties of enzymes of the prominent epicatechin and catechin pathways

Cited by 174 publications

References 28 publications

Ação dos flavonóides na cicatrização por segunda intenção em feridas limpas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos Wistar

Ação dos flavonóides na cicatrização por segunda intenção em feridas limpas induzidas cirurgicamente em ratos Wistar

Functional Characterization of Proanthocyanidin Pathway Enzymes from Tea and Their Application for Metabolic Engineering

Transcriptomic analysis of Camellia ptilophylla and identification of genes associated with flavonoid and caffeine biosynthesis

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