Functional Characterization of Proanthocyanidin Pathway Enzymes from Tea and Their Application for Metabolic Engineering

Pang, Yongzhen; Abeysinghe, I. Sarath B.; He, Ji; He, Xiping; Huhman, David V.; Mewan, K.M.; Sumner, Lloyd W.; Yun, Jianfei; Dixon, Richard A.

doi:10.1104/pp.112.212050

Cited by 131 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Two distinct enzymes, LAR and ANR, are involved in catalyzing the last steps of the pathway to flavan-3-ol monomers in PA-producing plants (Bogs et al, 2005;Pang et al, 2013;Liao et al, 2015). Genes encoding LAR and ANR can occur as single genes, for example in Arabidopsis (Xie et al, 2004), or as multigene families, for example in grapevine (Vitis vinifera; Figure 8.…”

Section: Transcripts Of Flavan-3-ol Biosynthetic Genes Increase In Rementioning

confidence: 99%

“…DW, Dry weight; pCambia, vector control; WT, wild type. Bogs et al, 2005) and tea (Camellia sinensis; Pang et al, 2013). Analysis of the P. trichocarpa genome revealed three loci encoding LAR proteins and two loci encoding ANR proteins.…”

Section: Transcripts Of Flavan-3-ol Biosynthetic Genes Increase In Rementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biosynthesis of flavan-3-ols and PAs has been studied in many plant species (Xie et al, 2004;Bogs et al, 2005;Paolocci et al, 2007;Pang et al, 2013). The last steps of monomer biosynthesis are catalyzed by two distinct enzymes.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For the biosynthesis of 2,3-trans-(6)-flavan-3-ols (e.g. catechin), leucoanthocyanidins are reduced directly to the corresponding flavan-3-ol (Tanner et al, 2003;Pang et al, 2013) by leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). For the biosynthesis of the 2,3-cis-type compounds (e.g.…”

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Flavan-3-ols Are an Effective Chemical Defense against Rust Infection

et al. 2017

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Phenolic secondary metabolites are often thought to protect plants against attack by microbes, but their role in defense against pathogen infection in woody plants has not been investigated comprehensively. We studied the biosynthesis, occurrence, and antifungal activity of flavan-3-ols in black poplar (Populus nigra), which include both monomers, such as catechin, and oligomers, known as proanthocyanidins (PAs). We identified and biochemically characterized three leucoanthocyanidin reductases and two anthocyanidin reductases from P. nigra involved in catalyzing the last steps of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis, leading to the formation of catechin [2,3-trans-(+)-flavan-3-ol] and epicatechin [2,3-cis-(2)-flavan-3-ol], respectively. Poplar trees that were inoculated with the biotrophic rust fungus (Melampsora larici-populina) accumulated higher amounts of catechin and PAs than uninfected trees. The de novo-synthesized catechin and PAs in the rust-infected poplar leaves accumulated significantly at the site of fungal infection in the lower epidermis. In planta concentrations of these compounds strongly inhibited rust spore germination and reduced hyphal growth. Poplar genotypes with constitutively higher levels of catechin and PAs as well as hybrid aspen (Populus tremula 3 Populus alba) overexpressing the MYB134 transcription factor were more resistant to rust infection. Silencing PnMYB134, on the other hand, decreased flavan-3-ol biosynthesis and increased susceptibility to rust infection. Taken together, our data indicate that catechin and PAs are effective antifungal defenses in poplar against foliar rust infection.

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Section: Transcripts Of Flavan-3-ol Biosynthetic Genes Increase In Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transcripts Of Flavan-3-ol Biosynthetic Genes Increase In Rementioning

confidence: 99%

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Flavan-3-ols Are an Effective Chemical Defense against Rust Infection

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“…A wide variety of flavonoid-class specialized metabolites, such as flavan-3-ols and flavonols are accumulated in the fresh leaves and processed tea products, and some have been shown to have beneficial activities for human health (Lin et al 2003). Flavonols, a major subclass of flavonoids, are biosynthesized by a 2-oxoglutarate-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily enzyme, flavonol synthase (Lin et al 2007) and accumulated as O-glycosylated forms (flavonol glycosides represented by rutin (quercetin 3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-6-O-α-rhamnoside)) via glycosylation in C. sinensis, whereas flavan-3-ols (catechins and theaflavins) are present either in free forms or as gallic acid esters (Liu et al 2012;Pang et al 2013). Glycosylation of small molecules, such as specialized metabolites, alters their reactivity and stability, thereby regulating the cellular transport and storage of metabolites.…”

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Identification and characterization of <i>Camellia sinensis</i> glucosyltransferase, UGT73A17: A possible role in flavonol glucosylation

Ohgami

Ono

Toyonaga

et al. 2014

Plant Biotechnology

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Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) biosynthesizes a wide variety of specialized metabolites, including phenolic compounds such as catechins. Flavonol, one of the major flavonoid subclasses, in C. sinensis is present in the O-glycoside form, such as quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and rutin (quercetin 3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-6-O-α-rhamnoside). These flavonol glycosides are highly accumulated, constituting up to 2-3% (w/w dry weight) of tea leaves; however, their biosynthetic machinery in C. sinensis remains elusive. Using high-throughput RNA sequencing from the fresh leaves of a cultivar (C. sinensis var sinensis cv Yabukita) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) cloning with degenerate oligonucleotide primers, we identified a full-length cDNA of UDP-glycosyltransferase, designated as UGT73A17, and characterized the biochemical and molecular functions of UGT73A17. Recombinant UGT73A17 protein catalyzed 3-O-glucosylation of quercetin, yielding quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside in vitro. The preferential expression of UGT73A17 gene in the mature, relative to young leaves, stems and roots, is roughly consistent with the accumulation pattern of flavonol glycosides in C. sinensis, suggesting that UGT73A17, in part, participates in the biosynthesis of flavonol glycosides in planta.

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