Flat frequency comb generation employing cascaded single-drive Mach–Zehnder modulators with a simple analogue driving signal

Fadhel, Mahmoud Muhanad; Rashid, Haroon; Hamzah, Abdulwahhab Essa; Zan, Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly; Aziz, Norazreen Abd; Arsad, Norhana

doi:10.1080/09500340.2021.1925764

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In addition, modulators and light sources (LED and laser) include lasers, optical amplifiers, saturable absorbers. Optical switches such as holograms and Mach Zehnder interferometers (MZI) can perform the weighing function (Rosenbluth et al 2009;Li and Cai 2010;Muhanad Fadhel et al 2021). Artificial intelligence-based face mask classification algorithms have been developed to help manage the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Ai Enabled By Photonics Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonics enabled intelligence system to identify SARS-CoV 2 mutations

Taha

Al-Jubouri

Mashhadany

et al. 2022

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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The COVID-19, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV are hazardous epidemics that have resulted in many deaths which caused a worldwide debate. Despite control efforts, SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread, and the fast spread of this highly infectious illness has posed a grave threat to global health. The effect of the SARS-CoV-2 mutation, on the other hand, has been characterized by worrying variations that modify viral characteristics in response to the changing resistance profile of the human population. The repeated transmission of virus mutation indicates that epidemics are likely to occur. Therefore, an early identification system of ongoing mutations of SARS-CoV-2 will provide essential insights for planning and avoiding future outbreaks. This article discussed the following highlights: First, comparing the omicron mutation with other variants; second, analysis and evaluation of the spread rate of the SARS-CoV 2 variations in the countries; third, identification of mutation areas in spike protein; and fourth, it discussed the photonics approaches enabled with artificial intelligence. Therefore, our goal is to identify the SARS-CoV 2 virus directly without the need for sample preparation or molecular amplification procedures. Furthermore, by connecting through the optical network, the COVID-19 test becomes a component of the Internet of healthcare things to improve precision, service efficiency, and flexibility and provide greater availability for the evaluation of the general population. Key points• A proposed framework of photonics based on AI for identifying and sorting SARS-CoV 2 mutations. • Comparative scatter rates Omicron variant and other SARS-CoV 2 variations per country.• Evaluating mutation areas in spike protein and AI enabled by photonic technologies for SARS-CoV 2 virus detection.

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Section: Ai Enabled By Photonics Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photonics enabled intelligence system to identify SARS-CoV 2 mutations

Taha

Al-Jubouri

Mashhadany

et al. 2022

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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“…The narrow spectrum of a continuous wave (CW) laser is modulated within a shortduration optical pulse and launched into the sensing area. The launched optical pulse with enough energy is capable of interrogating thousands of nearly identical low reflectance FBG sensors [3,5,24]. The FBG reflected signals are then channeled to the receiver section to be detected and distinguished based on their arrival times.…”

Section: Sensing Principle Of Single Pulsed and Golay Coded Time Domain Multiplexed Fbg (Tdm-fbg)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor

Elgaud

Zan

Abushagur

et al. 2021

Sensors

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For almost a half-decade, the unique autocorrelation properties of Golay complementary pairs (GCP) have added a significant value to the key performance of conventional time-domain multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors (TDM-FBGs). However, the employment of the unipolar form of Golay coded TDM-FBG has suffered from several performance flaws, such as limited improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNIR), noisy backgrounds, and distorted signals. Therefore, we propose and experimentally implement several digital filtering techniques to mitigate such limitations. Moving averages (MA), Savitzky–Golay (SG), and moving median (MM) filters were deployed to process the signals from two low reflectance FBG sensors located after around 16 km of fiber. The first part of the experiment discussed the sole deployment of Golay codes from 4 bits to 256 bits in the TDM-FBG sensor. As a result, the total SNIR of around 8.8 dB was experimentally confirmed for the longest 256-bit code. Furthermore, the individual deployment of MA, MM, and SG filters within the mentioned decoded sequences secured a further significant increase in SNIR of around 4, 3.5, and 3 dB, respectively. Thus, the deployment of the filtering technique alone resulted in at least four times faster measurement time (equivalent to 3 dB SNIR). Overall, the experimental analysis confirmed that MM outperformed the other two techniques in better signal shape, fastest signal transition time, comparable SNIR, and capability to maintain high spatial resolution.

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“…As such, they are currently used in numerous applications; such as medical, [1][2][3] gas sensing, 4,5 distributed fiber sensing, [6][7][8] and frequency comb generation. 9,10 Active and passive methods can be used to modulate the cavity of a fiber laser and produce laser pulses that are Q-switched and mode-locked. Q-switched fiber lasers produce pulses that are in the kHz frequency range, contain higher energy, and have pulse durations that are nanoseconds or microseconds longer than their mode-locked counterparts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The output power, pulse energy, and spectral coverage of fiber lasers have advanced over time. As such, they are currently used in numerous applications; such as medical, 1–3 gas sensing, 4,5 distributed fiber sensing, 6–8 and frequency comb generation 9,10 . Active and passive methods can be used to modulate the cavity of a fiber laser and produce laser pulses that are Q‐switched and mode‐locked.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actively Q‐switching an all polarization‐maintaining erbium‐doped fiber laser using an intracavity electro‐optic modulator

Fadhel,

Muda,

Hamzah

et al. 2023

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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This present study demonstrates the utilization of an electro‐optic modulator (EOM) to actively Q‐switch the pulses produced by an all‐polarization‐maintaining (all‐PM) erbium‐doped fiber (EDF) laser (all‐PM‐EDF laser). Electrical sine waves that produced steady microsecond pulses at 1552 nm were used to power the 10 GHz bandwidth EOM. By altering the frequency of the external modulation signal and the power of the input pump, the width of the pulses produced by the all‐PM‐EDF laser (4 μs) could be further decreased to 2.6 μs. When the modulation frequency of the all‐PM‐EDF laser was 15 kHz, the highest pulse energy that it produced (145 nJ) corresponded to its highest power output (52 mW). Therefore, sources of single‐polarization pulsed lasers that are significantly resistant to mechanical and temperature disturbances can be designed by merging the configuration of an all‐PM with an EOM.

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Flat frequency comb generation employing cascaded single-drive Mach–Zehnder modulators with a simple analogue driving signal

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Photonics enabled intelligence system to identify SARS-CoV 2 mutations

Photonics enabled intelligence system to identify SARS-CoV 2 mutations

Digital Filtering Techniques for Performance Improvement of Golay Coded TDM-FBG Sensor

Actively Q‐switching an all polarization‐maintaining erbium‐doped fiber laser using an intracavity electro‐optic modulator

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