Flash point and fire hazard analysis of three organic fuels and their aqueous solutions at low pressures

Chen, Qinpei; He, Yaping; Wang, Xuehui; Zhou, Ting; Ding, Chao

doi:10.1002/fam.2636

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A liquid fuel that exhibits flash point lower than the ambient conditions is considered as the more hazardous liquid 83 . However, the lower the flash point of a fuel is, the easier the ignition of that fuel 84 . It is clearly seen from Table 8 that the XY‐type/multiphase catalytic pyrolysis oil exhibits the lowest flash point of 36°C among all thermal and catalytic pyrolysis oil.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…83 However, the lower the flash point of a fuel is, the easier the ignition of that fuel. 84 It is clearly seen from Table 8 that the XY-type/multiphase catalytic pyrolysis oil exhibits the lowest flash point of 36 C among all thermal and catalytic pyrolysis oil. Even flash point of XY-type/multiphase catalytic pyrolysis oil is lower than kerosene 85 and very close to gasoline.…”

Section: Physicochemical Properties Of Pyrolysis Oilmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

Verma

Sharma

Pramanik

2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary The waste expanded polystyrene (WEPS) was subjected to the pyrolysis and in situ hydrogenation process in a laboratory fabricated innovative reactor on a red clay catalyst in the temperature range of 400°C to 700°C. Five different catalysts were synthesized from the eco‐friendly and non‐toxic red clay, that is, red clay in natural form (RC), red clay calcined at 600°C (RC‐600), red clay calcined at 700°C (RC‐700), red clay calcined at 800°C (RC‐800), and red clay calcined at 900°C (RC‐900). The catalytic pyrolysis of WEPS, in situ hydrogenation, and aromatization were performed keeping the synthesized catalyst in different reactor arrangements, that is, liquid phase/X‐type, vapour phase/Y‐type, and multiphase/XY‐type. The raw and calcined red clay catalysts were characterized by various characterization techniques such as SEM‐EDX, BET, XRD, and FTIR. The calcination temperature greatly influenced the surface morphology and surface area of the red clay catalysts. The surface morphology of calcined red clay catalyst RC‐800 shows nano cluster form of particles with very high porosity. The highest surface area of 29.25 m2/g and highest silica content of 56.82 wt% were found for the RC‐800 catalyst. Furthermore, the XRD analysis ensured the presence of illite‐micas, α‐quartz, κ‐kappa alumina, δ‐delta alumina, and θ‐theta alumina in the RC‐800 catalyst only. The presence of strong Bronstedacid sites in RC‐800 catalyst was confirmed by the FTIR analysis. The highest liquid yield of 94.37 wt% was obtained for the thermal pyrolysis of WEPS at the optimum temperature of 650°C and heating rate of 15°C/min. The maximum BTE content of 11.38 wt% was recorded for the pyrolysis oil obtained from the thermal pyrolysis of WEPS at the same optimum conditions. On the other side, the highest liquid yield of 88.82 wt% was obtained for the X‐type pyrolysis at the optimum temperature of 600°C and heating rate of 15°C/min using red clay catalyst RC‐800. The Y‐type and XY‐type pyrolysis produced maximum liquid yield of 80.81 wt% and 79.47 wt%, respectively, at the optimum temperature of 550°C and at heating rate of 15°C/min using the same red clay catalyst RC‐800. However, the multiphase/XY‐type pyrolysis produced the highest BTE content of 27.62 wt% and lowest styrene content (60.75 wt%) at a temperature of 550°C using RC‐800 catalyst among all types of pyrolysis. The maximum styrene content of 84.74 wt% was found in pyrolysis oil obtained from thermal pyrolysis of WEPS at optimum conditions. The styrene content obtained reduced significantly from 68.83 wt% to 60.75 wt% when the reactor arrangement was changed from X‐type to XY‐type. The pyrolysis oil obtained from XY‐type/multiphase pyrolysis was found suitable for the use in internal combustion (IC) engine.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Physicochemical Properties Of Pyrolysis Oilmentioning

confidence: 95%

Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

Verma

Sharma

Pramanik

2022

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…The mass burning rate, radiative heat flux, heat release rate, and combustion efficiency in Lhasa were lower than those in Hefei, and the relationship between the burning rate and the ambient pressure could be simulated with the power function. The flame heat flux to the fuel surface in Lhasa was approximately 0.75 times that in Hefei …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flame heat flux to the fuel surface in Lhasa was approximately 0.75 times that in Hefei. 13,[19][20][21][22] However, there were defects in the low-pressure fire tests. First, the high-altitude area test was limited by seasons, and the suitable test time was scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new approach based on the modified FDS to numerically simulate cardboard box combustion under low pressure

Zhou

Zhao

et al. 2019

Fire and Materials

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Summary To solve the limitation of the fire test in high‐altitude areas only detecting a limited number of low‐pressure environments, in this paper, appropriate modifications of the FDS source codes were made to generate a new simulator program for low‐pressure applications. Standard fire experiments with different counts (1, 2, 18, and 27) of cardboard boxes were numerically simulated under different pressure levels (101, 90, 75, and 64 kPa). The computation data show consistent trends with the experimental results obtained in the low‐pressure tank at Lang Fang. Furthermore, the simulation results have been examined to show typical quantitative relationships: (a) The peak mass burning rate divided by the fire base dimension is correlated with the product of the pressure squared and the combustible characteristic length cubed. The exponential indices for the 1‐box fire, 18‐box fire, and 27‐box fire are 0.31, 0.29, and 0.29, respectively. (b) The heat release rate and mass burning rate show a good linearity at each fixed environmental pressure. In conclusion, the modified FDS is validated to work well under low‐pressure conditions, which can provide a receivable means to conduct low‐pressure fire simulation and analysis.

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“…kerosene and gasoline) have been studied (kerosene and gasoline pool fires, among others), the effects of multi-component fuels or fuel blends on the combustion characteristics of pool fires have not been investigated in detail. 4,5 For example, the simplest multi-component binary blends with bimodal distillation profile have not been comprehensively investigated in the field of fire research. The combustion characteristics of fuel blends have garnered much attention from researchers involved in engine combustion research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of blended fuel pool fires

Wang

Zhou

Chen

et al. 2019

Journal of Fire Sciences

Self Cite

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Liquid–vapor phase equilibrium theories are used to analyze boiling processes of blended fuel pool fires, and the results show that there are two boiling mechanisms (azeotropism and non-azeotropism) for blended fuels compared with single-component fuels. A series of pool fire experiments were conducted to investigate the combustion characteristics of blended fuel pool fires. The experimental results showed that the two boiling mechanisms have different effects on the burning process of the fuel blends. The boiling temperature and composition varied for the non-azeotropic blends during the burning process and remained steady for azeotropic blends. Furthermore, the boiling temperature of azeotropic blends is lower than that of its components and ranges from a specific temperature to the boiling point of the less volatile component. The flame radiant fraction of the azeotropic blend was also relatively constant during the burning process, whereas that of the non-azeotropic blend varied in different stages of the burning process. Heskestad’s flame height model and flame axial temperature distribution model are applicable for pool fires of azeotropic and non-azeotropic blends.

show abstract

Flash point and fire hazard analysis of three organic fuels and their aqueous solutions at low pressures

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

Synthesis and efficient use of low‐cost natural red clay catalyst for the production of upgraded fuel oil using pyrolysis of waste expanded polystyrene and in situ vapour phase hydrogenation

A new approach based on the modified FDS to numerically simulate cardboard box combustion under low pressure

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of blended fuel pool fires

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