Flank Margin Cave Development in Telogenetic Limestones of New Zealand

Mylroie, John E.; Mylroie, Joan R.; Nelson, Campbell S.

doi:10.3986/ac.v37i1.157

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Flank margin caves are found on carbonate coasts world wide, as previously mentioned for the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and the Mariana Islands. They have also been described from New Zealand (Mylroie et al, 2008) and Australia (Mylroie & Mylroie, 2009c). They have been located below sea level by submarine , and because they can be found in large numbers over short sections of carbonate coast, may be the most abundant cave type in the world.…”

Section: The Flank Margin Cave Modelmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Telogenetic rocks form flank margin caves in settings where the rock has been deformed such that it contains numerous fractures, allowing mixed water to react across a volume, as in eogenetic rocks. Flank margin caves in Limestone Creek, South Island, New Zealand, are a good example (Mylroie et al, 2008), as are flank margin caves developed in talus and breccia facies in the Adriatic islands of Croatia (Otoničar et al, 2010).…”

Section: Eogenetic Carbonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Void development on carbonate coasts: creation of anchialine habitats

Mylroie

2011

Hydrobiologia

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Anchialine caves in coastal locations develop in two ways: by pseudokarst processes that form talus caves, sea caves, tafoni, fissure caves and lava tubes, and by karst dissolutional processes that form stream caves, flank margin caves, and blue holes. Pseudokarst caves are of minor importance in anchialine cave habitat development, with some lava tubes being notable exceptions. Dissolution caves provide the most extensive, variable, and long-term environments for anchialine habitats. The Carbonate Island Karst Model (CIKM) allows dissolutional cave development in carbonate coasts to be understood as the interplay between freshwater and marine water mixing, sea-level change, rock maturity, and interaction with adjacent non-carbonate rocks. Glacioeustatic sea-level changes of the Quaternary have moved all coastal anchialine cave environments repeatedly through a vertical range of over 100 m, and modern anchialine environments could not develop at their current elevations until *4,000 years ago when sea level reached its present position. Blue holes form by a variety of mechanisms, but the most common is upward stoping and collapse from deep dissolutional voids. As a result, they provide vertical connection between different levels of horizontal cave development produced by a variety of earlier sea-level positions. Blue holes are overprinted by successive sea-level fluctuations; each sea-level event adds complexity to the habitats within blue holes and the cave systems they connect. Blue holes can reach depths below the deepest glacioeustatic sea-level lowstand, and thereby provide a refugia for anchialine species when cave passages above are drained by Quaternary sea-level fall. Blue holes represent the most significant anchialine cave environment in the world, and may provide clues to anchialine cave species colonization and speciation events.

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Section: The Flank Margin Cave Modelmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Eogenetic Carbonatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Void development on carbonate coasts: creation of anchialine habitats

Mylroie

2011

Hydrobiologia

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“…We thus interpret cusps in Kuumbi as "primary dissolution features" (sensu Frank et al, 1998). Cusps have been reported from many tropical and temperate flank margin caves (Frank et al, 1998;Mylroie et al, 2001Mylroie et al, , 2008Myrloie & Mylroie, 2009); there they have been attributed to slow phreatic dissolution.…”

Section: Small/medium-scale Forms Cuspsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Quaternary speleogenesis and landscape evolution in a tropical carbonate island: Pango la Kuumbi (Kuumbi Cave), Zanzibar

Kourampas¹,

Shipton²,

Mills³

et al. 2015

IJS

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“…Flank margin caves are so named because they develop in coastal environments by carbonate rock dissolution in the distal margin of the fresh-water lens, under the flank of the enclosing landmass (Neuendorf et al 2005, p. 241). They have been described from carbonate islands around the world, from the Bahamas in the Atlantic to the Mariana Islands of the Pacific (Jenson et al 2006), to the coasts of Australia (Mylroie & Mylroie 2009) and New Zealand (Mylroie et al 2008a), as well as from carbonate coasts on continental settings such as Yucatan, Mexico (Kelley et al 2006). Flank margin caves are part of a series of cave and karst features that form on carbonate islands and coasts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first attempt to apply the flank margin model to telogenetic limestones was by Proctor (1988), on coastal outcrops of Devonian limestones in southwestern England. More recently, a study on telogenetic coastal carbonate outcrops on North and South Island, New Zealand helped establish the unique signature of flank margin processes in these mature rocks (Mylroie et al 2008a). An unexpected outcome of the field work described here was the identification of flank margin caves in a breccia facies, as opposed to the actual in situ telogenetic rock.…”

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confidence: 99%

Flank Margin Cave Development in Carbonate Talus Breccia Facies: An Example from Cres Island, Croatia

Otoničar

Buzjak

Mylroie

et al. 2010

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Izvleček UDK 911.2:551.44(497.5 ) Bojan Otoničar, Nenad Buzjak, John Mylroie & Joan Mylroie: Jama tipa »Flank margin«, nastala v pobočni breči v območju mešanja sladke in slane vode: primer z otoka Cresa na HrvaškemJama Plava Grota na Hrvaškem otoku Cresu se je izoblikovala ob obali v pobočni breči. Relativno majhni jamski vhodi, geometrija jamskih rovov z dvoranami, ki jih povezujejo relativno nizki in ozki prehodi, ostanki raztopljenih stebrov prikamnine in nizki oboki predstavljajo oblike značilne za jame "Flank margin" tipa, hkrati pa jih te oblike ločijo od epigenetskih na eni, in morskih jam na drugi strani. Plava Grota se nahaja, kakor tudi sosednje manjše jame, izključno v breči, ki je verjetno pleistocenske starosti. Gradijo jo klasti, katerih izvor so bližnje diagenetsko zrele oziroma telegenetske karbonatne kamnine kredne starosti. Klaste na rahlo povezujejo vadozni kalcitni cementi. Breča predstavlja tridimenzionalno porozno in permeabilno telo, ki se obnaša v hidravličnem smislu podobno kot mlade eugenetske karbonatne kamnine Bahamov in Puerto Rica ali kot nekatere tektonsko močno pretrte karbonatne kamnine Nove Zelandije. Plava Grota je prva jama "Flank margin" tipa opisana v obalnih karbonatnih kamninah Jadranskega morja. Glede na položaj jame in sedanjega nivoja morske gladine, izvire sladke vode v jami in njeni okolici, generalno tektonsko pogrezanje območja in kvartarno eustatično nihanje morske gladine domnevamo, da se je jama prvotno oblikovala v obdobju visoke morske gladine pred okoli 130.000 do 114.000 leti (MIS 5e). AbstractUDC 911.2:551.44(497.5) Bojan Otoničar, Nenad Buzjak, John Mylroie & Joan Mylroie: Flank margin cave development in carbonate talus breccia facies: An example from Cres Island, CroatiaPlava Grota, Cres Island, Croatia, is a flank margin cave developed in a coastal setting in talus breccia facies. The internal cave geometry of small entrances, intersecting adjacent chambers, remnant dissolutional bedrock pillars, and low arches matches diagnostic features used to separate flank margin caves from epigenic stream caves on one hand, and sea caves on the other. Plava Grota is found, along with adjacent smaller caves, solely in a breccia facies that is most probably of Pleistocene age. This breccia is comprised of clasts derived from diagenetically mature, or telogenetic, Cretaceous carbonate rocks. The clasts are loosely cemented by vadose calcite cements. The breccia facies provide a three-dimensional porosity and permeability structure that behaves hydraulically in a manner similar to the high primary porosity and permeability of young eogenetic carbonate rocks in settings such as the Bahamas or Puerto Rico, and the many flow paths found in highly-tectonized telogenetic carbonate rocks in New Zealand. Plava Grota is the first described flank margin cave from the coastal carbonate rocks of the Adriatic Sea. According to present sea-level position in relation to the cave, fresh-water springs in and adjacent to the cave, general tectonic subsidence of the area and Quaternary ...

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Flank Margin Cave Development in Telogenetic Limestones of New Zealand

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Void development on carbonate coasts: creation of anchialine habitats

Void development on carbonate coasts: creation of anchialine habitats

Late Quaternary speleogenesis and landscape evolution in a tropical carbonate island: Pango la Kuumbi (Kuumbi Cave), Zanzibar

Flank Margin Cave Development in Carbonate Talus Breccia Facies: An Example from Cres Island, Croatia

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