Flammability properties of intumescent PLA including starch and lignin

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of different intumescent formulations to flame retard polylactic acid (PLA). First, the ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/pentaerythritol (PER) system is chosen because it previously demonstrated a good behavior for polyethylenic matrices. The PER is then substituted by bioresources such as lignin and starch. The flame retardant properties of the various formulations are evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94, and cone calorimetry. Compared to the PLA/APP/PER composite, the materials containing lignin and starch show lower LOI values but still commercially acceptable (superior to 32%). In contrast, the UL ratings obtained for these formulations are superior to that containing PER (V0 against V2 rating). The cone calorimeter analysis confirms the formation of an intumescent structure for the “green” composites, with a final residue corresponding to 50% of the initial sample mass and also a decrease in the peak of heat release of 50%. Finally, the composition of the formulation is optimized following a mixture design methodology to maximize the quantity of bioresources. A 32% LOI value is obtained for a composite containing 60% PLA, 12% APP, and 28% starch. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Significance of Ethanol Product of Gmelina arborea

“…The wave number 1259.06 cm -1 shows the presence of Phenolic OH group like Lignin. These are in agreement with the speci ication made by Bodîrlău et al [56][57][58][59][60].…”

Reductive de-polymerization of kraft lignin for chemicals and fuels using formic acid as an in-situ hydrogen source

“…Lignins produced from kraft process or soda process are mainly burned as low value fuel for energy generation, while kraft pulping process is the predominating process in pulp and paper industry. Thus, intensive research has been being carried out to investigate valorization of kraft lignin for various high-value chemicals such as antioxidants, antimicrobial, antifugal agents (Cruz et al, 2001), flameretardants (Reti et al, 2008), or anti-sunlight/frost coating (Miidla, 1980) and UVabsorbent films (Liu et al, 2014).…”

Potential of Lignins as Antioxidant Additive in Active Biodegradable Packaging Materials

“…Due to their aromatic structure and the occurrence of phenol residues, lignins have multiple functionalities, being able to act as compatibilizers [5], plasticizers [6], hydrophobizing agents [7,8], flame retardants [9] or optical modifiers [10] or stabilizers [11]. Furthermore, properties potentially interesting in high value applications, such as antimicrobial activity [12] or cytotoxic effects [13] have been shown.…”