Flammability of raw insulation materials made of hemp

Freivalde, Līga; Kukle, Silvija; Andžs, Mārtiņš; Bukšāns, Edgars; Grāvītis, Jānis

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.007

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The thermal decomposition of hemp stalks and shives has been recently examined in the view of bioenergy and bio-fuel productions (for instance, among the most recent works see [10][11][12][13][14]). Moreover, in some cases, investigations also consider the flammability of non-woven fibers [15] or are focused on the search of a relation between the fiber chemical composition and their properties (thermal stability and/or mechanical strength) and the effects of pretreatments [7,9,[16][17][18][19]. A high cellulose content is generally considered a favorable condition for improving thermal stability and structural properties, features that make the fibers suitable for reinforcement in bio-composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic assessment of the thermal decomposition of hemp fiber and the impact of pretreatments

Branca¹,

Blasi

2022

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Motivated by green building applications (bio-composite and insulation materials), thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis is applied to investigate the thermal degradation of cleaned hemp fibers (F), obtained after water retting and mechanical decortication of dioecious plant stalks, and technical fiber (TF), obtained after field retting of monoecious plant stalks. Celluloses (microcrystalline PH105 cellulose and cotton linter cellulose) are used for comparison. F and TF dynamic curves are well described by a four-step scheme. The dominant one concerns pseudo-cellulose decomposition with the release of 70 and 54 mass% volatile matter, respectively. The corresponding activation energies are in the range of typical cellulose values (223 and 211 KJ mol−1). Fiber pretreatments (water washing, mild torrefaction, mercerization) modify the pseudo-cellulose content (release of 73–80 mass% volatile matter) and properties, as testified by the higher activation energies (229–248 kJ mol−1) of the decomposition process. The decortication method also contributes remarkably to the characteristics of the fiber cellulose.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic assessment of the thermal decomposition of hemp fiber and the impact of pretreatments

Branca¹,

Blasi

2022

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…Various applications require a high flame retardancy. Considering the low flame resistances, which hinder their practical applications, fire retardants should be added in the above materials [20,21,22,23,24]. Recently, the number of publications on the flame retardancy of PUf has considerably increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excellent Fireproof Characteristics and High Thermal Stability of Rice Husk-Filled Polyurethane with Halogen-Free Flame Retardant

et al. 2019

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The thermal stabilities, flame retardancies, and physico-mechanical properties of rice husk-reinforced polyurethane (PU–RH) foams with and without flame retardants (FRs) were evaluated. Their flammability performances were studied by UL94, LOI, and cone calorimetry tests. The obtained results combined with FTIR, TGA, SEM, and XPS characterizations were used to evaluate the fire behaviors of the PU–RH samples. The PU–RH samples with a quite low loading (7 wt%) of aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP) and 32 wt% loading of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) had high thermal stabilities, excellent flame retardancies, UL94 V-0 ratings, and LOIs of 22%–23%. PU–RH did not pass the UL94 HB standard test and completely burned to the holder clamp with a low LOI (19%). The cone calorimetry results indicated that the fireproof characteristics of the PU foam composites were considerably improved by the addition of the FRs. The proposed flame retardancy mechanism and cone calorimetry results are consistent. The comprehensive FTIR spectroscopy, TG, SEM, and XPS analyses revealed that the addition of ATH generated white solid particles, which dispersed and covered the residue surface. The pyrolysis products of OP would self-condense or react with other volatiles generated by the decomposition of PU–RH to form stable, continuous, and thick phosphorus/aluminum-rich residual chars inhibiting the transfer of heat and oxygen. The PU–RH samples with and without the FRs exhibited the normal isothermal sorption hysteresis effect at relative humidities higher than 20%. At lower values, during the desorption, this effect was not observed, probably because of the biodegradation of organic components in the RH. The findings of this study not only contribute to the improvement in combustibility of PU–RH composites and reduce the smoke or toxic fume generation, but also solve the problem of RHs, which are abundant waste resources of agriculture materials leading to the waste disposal management problems.

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“…Lignin is the most difficult to decompose, as it has a low decomposition rate, whereas high content of cellulose can result in an increased flammability [17,18]. Flammability of natural fibres treated with a variety of flame retardants have been studied by many scientists [19][20][21][22][23]. But quite often it has a negative effect on the textile product's comfort or even may have allergenic effect.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Peat Fibre Properties and Peat Fibre-Based Knits Flammability

Mikučionienė

Čepukonė

Salmeia

et al. 2019

Autex Research Journal

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A very promising cellulose-based natural fibre that is suitable for use in the textile industry is peat fibre. This fibre is a by-product of peat excavation, purified by separating it from other components. In this study, the morphological, chemical and mechanical properties of peat fibres as well as flammability of peat-based knitted fabrics were analysed. The average diameter of the peat fibres is ~60 μm, but it varies in very wide ranges – 25–150 μm; however, the number of fibres with diameter more than 100 μm is very low. As the peat fibre contains a high amount of lignin, lignin amount in the mixed peat/cotton yarn is relatively high too. Lignin is responsible for enhanced flame retardancy; therefore, time to ignition of the peat knit is ~30% higher than that of the cotton knit. Consequently, peat fibre can be used in the knitted structure in order to significantly reduce its flammability. In order to increase the flame retardancy, the knits have been treated by flame retardant in various concentrations. It was found that around the burned hole on the peat knit, treated by very low concentration flame retardant, forms charred area and the knit stops to burn even if the flame source is not removed.

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Flammability of raw insulation materials made of hemp

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Kinetic assessment of the thermal decomposition of hemp fiber and the impact of pretreatments

Kinetic assessment of the thermal decomposition of hemp fiber and the impact of pretreatments

Excellent Fireproof Characteristics and High Thermal Stability of Rice Husk-Filled Polyurethane with Halogen-Free Flame Retardant

Comparative Analysis of Peat Fibre Properties and Peat Fibre-Based Knits Flammability

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