Flammability limits: A review with emphasis on ethanol for aeronautical applications and description of the experimental procedure

Coronado, Christian Jeremi R.; Carvalho, João Andrade de; Andrade, José Carlos de; Cortez, Ely Vieira; Carvalho, F. S. de.; Santos, José Carlos dos; Mendiburu, Andrés Z.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.035

Cited by 69 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The details of the flammability analysis can be found in the various references [2,17,[33][34][35][36]. In Table 8 y nB (%) is the volumetric percentage of n-butanol in the mixture.…”

Section: Flammability Analysis For N-butanol Fumigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends and n-butanol fumigation – Evaluation of engine performance, exhaust emissions, heat release and flammability analysis

Şahin

Durgun

Aksu

2015

Energy Conversion and Management

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“…The details of the flammability analysis can be found in the various references [2,17,[33][34][35][36]. In Table 8 y nB (%) is the volumetric percentage of n-butanol in the mixture.…”

Section: Flammability Analysis For N-butanol Fumigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends and n-butanol fumigation – Evaluation of engine performance, exhaust emissions, heat release and flammability analysis

Şahin

Durgun

Aksu

2015

Energy Conversion and Management

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“…This test method uses electrical ignition and visual observations of flame propagation [11,13]. ASTM E-681 was chosen because it allows the structure of the flame to be verified and clearly shows flame propagation.…”

Section: Flammability Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7-10 are obtained by transforming the flammability limit to volume of fuel in air (%) from the original raw data (Tables 5-9). The methodology of this transformation can be reviewed in [11] and [13].…”

Section: Standard Atmospheric Pressurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the fact that tests carried out with low ignition energies or low vessel volumes might not have noticeable flammability for certain combustibles, it is important to use sufficient ignition energy and large enough volumes. A common practice is to use high-speed video cameras in order to analyze the images from different points of view in the same laboratory [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For a comprehensive review on the theory of flammability limits, criteria used to classify the flammability of a mixture, the main international standards, the main properties that influence flammability limits, such as pressure, temperature, turbulence, and energy ignition, see a previously published work by some of the authors of this study [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Flammability limits of hydrated and anhydrous ethanol at reduced pressures in aeronautical applications

Coronado

Carvalho

Andrade

et al. 2014

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Performance enhancement and emissions reduction of ethanol‐fueled spark ignition engine with hydrogen

Marwaha,

Subramanian

2023

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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This study deals with the effect of hydrogen on the performance, combustion and regulated [carbon monoxide (CO), non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] and unregulated [nitrous oxide (N2O), ethanol, ethene, acetaldehyde, methanol] emissions of a spark ignition engine fueled with ethanol (E100). The engine was operated at a constant torque of 5.5 Nm and various speeds of 3500, 3800 and 4000 rpm, and both fuels (ethanol and hydrogen) were independently injected into the intake manifold of the engine during the suction stroke. The optimum hydrogen energy share at all speeds was 15% based on the combustion stability compared with base ethanol. The brake thermal efficiency with E100 at an engine speed of 4000 rpm increased from 14.4 to 15%, with a 15% hydrogen energy share (15% HES)‐E100. The emissions such as CO, NMHC, unburned ethanol, ethene and acetaldehyde decreased significantly with the optimum HES‐E100 compared with E100. However, the NO, NO2 and N2O emissions increased with hydrogen. Hydrogen addition to an ethanol‐fueled spark ignition engine could significantly reduce carbonaceous emissions along with improving energy efficiency.

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Flammability limits: A review with emphasis on ethanol for aeronautical applications and description of the experimental procedure

Cited by 69 publications

References 58 publications

Experimental investigation of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends and n-butanol fumigation – Evaluation of engine performance, exhaust emissions, heat release and flammability analysis

Experimental investigation of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends and n-butanol fumigation – Evaluation of engine performance, exhaust emissions, heat release and flammability analysis

Flammability limits of hydrated and anhydrous ethanol at reduced pressures in aeronautical applications

Performance enhancement and emissions reduction of ethanol‐fueled spark ignition engine with hydrogen

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