Flammability envelopes for methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile and toluene

Flammability limits: A review with emphasis on ethanol for aeronautical applications and description of the experimental procedure

“…In this document, Brooks and Crowl [80] carried out experiments on flammability of some alcohols. The experiments were conducted for methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and toluene.…”

“…The experimental result from Brooks and Crowl [80] for the LFL of ethanol was 3.7% (according to Kutcha [3], the LFL is 3.3%). On the other hand, the experimental result for the OCL (oxygen concentration limit) was 9.8% (according to Kutcha [3], the OCL is 10.5%).…”

Explosion parameters of methanol–air mixtures

“…Zhang [20] studied the combustion characteristics of methanol-air/diluent premixed mixtures in a cylindrical vessel (V = 5.5 L inner diameter/height ffi 1). Studies of flammability of methanol in air were reported by Markus [21], Brooks [22] and Chang [23,24]. In the utilization of methanol fuel, much work was concentrated on the combustion and emission characteristics of the engines fueled with pure methanol [25,26], gasoline-methanol [27], diesel/methanol blends [28][29][30][31] or liquefied petroleum gas/methanol [32].…”

Explosion characteristics of flammable organic vapors in nitrous oxide atmosphere

“…H= −82.1 kJ/mol (1) Many studies on explosion characteristics of flammable gases and vapors blended with air or O 2 have been reported [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Few systematic studies, however, have been reported on the explosion characteristics of the flammable gases with N 2 O [21][22][23].…”