Flame retardation and char formation mechanism of intumescent flame retarded polypropylene composites containing melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol phosphate

Zhou, Shun; Song, Lei; Wang, Zhengzhou; Hu, Yuan; Xing, Weiyi

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.07.012

Cited by 127 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…7, the peak at about 1380 cm À1 (D-band) was associated with the vibration of carbon atoms with dangling bonds in the plane terminations of disordered graphite or glassy carbon, on behalf of the unorganized carbon structure, and the peak at about 1600 cm À1 (G-band) represented the graphitic structure, corresponding to an E2g mode of hexagonal graphite layer. [19,20] The ratio of the integral peak intensity (area) of the D-band and G-band, R = A D /A G , was inversely proportional to the graphitization degree of the chars, [20] which indicated that the higher graphitization degree in the char structure, the better shield protection of char layer from combustion will be obtained. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was an effective measurement to study the surface chemical structure of samples without destruction.…”

Section: Chemical Structure Of Final Charmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8) showed the existence of C-C or C = C (binding energy (BE): 248.8 eV), C-O or C-N (binding energy: 286.2 eV), and C = O (binding energy: 287.8 eV) groups. [20,21] It was to note that the number of oxidized carbon atoms (20%) of PLA-8 was higher than that of PLA-4. It can be explained by the oxidation reaction of char or C = O in PLA, which indicated that the barrier effect of char layer of PLA-8 was not strong enough to restrict further oxidation of underlying materials.…”

Section: Chemical Structure Of Final Charmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame retardant properties and mechanism of an efficient intumescent flame retardant PLA composites

Cao

Liang

Jiang

et al. 2016

Polym. Adv. Technol.

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The charring agent (CNCA-DA) containing triazine and benzene rings was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to form intumescent flame retardant (IFR), and it was occupied to modify polylactide (PLA). The flame retardant properties and mechanism of flame retardant PLA composites were investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), thermogravimetric analysis, microscale combustion calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, laser Raman spectroscopy analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The analysis from LOI and UL-94 presented that the IFR was very effective in flame retardancy of PLA. When the weight ratio of APP to CNCA-DA was 3:1, and the IFR loading was 30%, the IFR showed the best effect, and the LOI value reached 45.6%. It was found that when 20 wt% IFR was loaded, the flame retardancy of PLA/IFR still passed UL-94 V-0 rating, and its LOI value reached 32.8%. The microscale combustion calorimetry results showed that PLA/IFR had lower heat release rate, total heat release, and heat release capacity than other composites, and there was an obvious synergistic effect between APP and CNCA-DA for PLA. IFR containing APP/CNCA-DA had good thermal stability and char-forming ability with the char residue 29.3% at 800°C under N 2 atmosphere. Scanning electron microscopy observation further indicated that IFR could promote forming continuous and compact intumescent char layer. The laser Raman spectroscopy analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results indicated that an appropriate graphitization degree of the residue char was formed, and more O and N were remained to form more cross-linking structure.

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Section: Chemical Structure Of Final Charmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemical Structure Of Final Charmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant properties and mechanism of an efficient intumescent flame retardant PLA composites

Cao

Liang

Jiang

et al. 2016

Polym. Adv. Technol.

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“…When using ammonium polyphosphates in water-soluble or dilutable binders, there is a need to adjust pH of film-forming substances protecting them from too fast coagulation and aging. Carboxymethyl cellulose, dextrin, casein or tetramethylenediamine, hexamethyltetramine binders are used for this purpose (Dimanshteyn, Barone 2006;Hairston et al 2006;Zhou et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peculiarities of Destruction Mechanism of Polymeric Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings

Mačiulaitis

Grigonis

Malaiškienė

et al. 2018

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management

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Abstract. The article describes the destruction mechanism of intumescent fire protective paint coatings at the time of their aging under the impact of simulated climatic factors. Steel plates covered in anti-corrosion varnishes and intumescent fire protective paint coatings of several types and different composition were used in the research, while certain samples were also additionally covered in protective coatings protecting from environmental effects. SEM, DTA and FT-IR researches were conducted on control samples and samples after aging. Aging was performed in 3 ways: according to regimes I and II in the laboratory and having stored them for 12 months under the outdoor conditions under the roof. The aging mechanism of materials was determined to be very similar when using different methods of aging: with increasing number of cycles, the extent of damage to the surfaces and their diversity increase. In all cases, chemical material changes were observed after artificial aging cycles compared to control samples. In aged samples, there were some new connections occurring, while others changed or disappeared judging from the number of waves and intensity of peaks, which shows that certain compounds form, while others change and disintegrate under the influence of environmental heat and mass exchange.

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“…Melamine phosphates of various degree of polycondensation such as melamine phosphates (MP), melamine polyphosphates (MPP) and melamine pyrophosphates (MDP) are used increasingly as flame retardants (FR), particularly as additives to plastics [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Products made of plastics consist flame retardants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of melamine phosphate thermal decomposition in DSC studies

Nowak

Cichy

Kużdżał

2016

J Therm Anal Calorim

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This paper presents the results of study of the kinetics of two-stage condensation of melamine orthophosphate to melamine pyrophosphate and subsequently to melamine polyphosphate. The investigations were conducted under non-isothermal conditions and at constant rate of sample heating. Five different heating rates were applied: 40, 20, 10, 5, 2 K min. The activation energy of the process was determined using the approximate Kissinger method and the isoconversional Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method. The thus determined activation energy is largely dependent on the extent of conversion, indicating the complexity of analyzed process. A complete analysis of the process was presented. Presented calculation of the full kinetic models was best described by stage I equation F1 Mampel and stage II Avrami-Erofeev equation A2. These equations have the best statistical fit. Theoretical kinetic curves were compared with the experimental data, achieving high compliance of theoretical curves with the experimental data.

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Flame retardation and char formation mechanism of intumescent flame retarded polypropylene composites containing melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol phosphate

Cited by 127 publications

References 26 publications

Flame retardant properties and mechanism of an efficient intumescent flame retardant PLA composites

Flame retardant properties and mechanism of an efficient intumescent flame retardant PLA composites

Peculiarities of Destruction Mechanism of Polymeric Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings

Kinetics of melamine phosphate thermal decomposition in DSC studies

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