Flame Retardant Treatment's Effects and Detection Method on Wooden Buildings' Pigment Layer (Dan-cheong)

Kim, Dae Woon; Kim, Chul Woong; Han, Sung Hee; Chung, Yong Jae; Han, Gyu Seong

doi:10.5658/wood.2014.42.4.393

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Conversely, investigations of efflorescence in wooden buildings are scarce. It is worth mentioning in this respect the survey of efflorescence in a series of wooden shrines in Korea [12]. In this case, efflorescence, which produced painting exfoliation and bleaching phenomena, was put into relation with flame retardants contained in the wood.…”

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Salt efflorescence in historic wooden buildings

Catelli

Bănică

2016

Herit Sci

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Efflorescence and subflorescence are frequent phenomena occurring in buildings of porous inorganic materials such as bricks, stone, and concrete. Since the above phenomena have detrimental effects, they were the subject of detailed physicochemical investigations. Efflorescence on wooden material was commonly observed on collection artefacts treated with preservatives such as inorganic salts or organic pesticides. Occurrence of efflorescence in historical wooden buildings was less studied although it could cause serious conservation concerns. This paper describes an examination of chemical and mineralogical composition of salt efflorescence in wooden buildings. In situ analysis by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was followed by investigation of plain efflorescence by infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and electron probe microanalysis. Quantitative analysis of purified efflorescence was performed by plasma atomic emission spectrometry, ion chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry. In addition, depth-profiling of characteristic ions in wood was performed. The objects of study were a series of log houses of the Sverresborg Trøndelag Folk Museum in Trondheim, Norway. It was found that the efflorescence in these buildings includes a series of metal ions, the most abundant being Al . In addition the ammonium ion is present in a large amount. The single detected anion is sulfate. Actually, the efflorescence consists of a mixture of simple and double sulfate salts of alum and Tutton's compound types. Identified Tutton's compounds are mohrite ((NH 4 ) 2 Fe(SO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), ammonium zinc sulfate hexahydrate ((NH 4 ) 2 Zn(SO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O)), and boussingaultite ((NH 4 ) 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 ·6H 2 O)). Among the alums, both tschermigite (NH 4 Al(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O), and potassium alum (KAl(SO 4 ) 2 ·12H 2 O)) were detected. The composition of efflorescence suggests that the wooden material was treated with a blend of sulfate salts ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·18H 2 O, MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O, FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O, ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O, and Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O)) for protection against fire and biological degradation. The efflorescence appeared as a consequence of water leakage through the roof that led to the dissolution of the salts contained in the wood, followed by evaporation and salt crystallization at the surface in the form of double sulfate salts. Although the occurrence of efflorescence in this case was accidental, a natural and more frequent cause of efflorescence could be the deliquescence of inorganic preservatives impregnated in the wood.

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confidence: 99%

Salt efflorescence in historic wooden buildings

Catelli

Bănică

2016

Herit Sci

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“…By definition, flame retardant refers to a chemical treatment to prevent continuous combustion or spread even when a combustible is ignited with a flame by restraining the combustion of the material through physical and chemical combinations with the material (Kim et al, 2014). Flame retardants may be classified into three types depending on their effects (Son, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Korea, phosphorus compounds have often been used to fire-proof wooden cultural heritage sites (Kim et al, 2014). The flame retardants to preserve wooden cultural heritage sites must be certified by the Cultural Heritage Administration and the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage for distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardancy of Wood Products by Spreading Concentration and Impregnation Time of Flame Retardant

Park¹,

Han²,

Son³

2020

Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology

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The flame retardancy, such as carbonized length and area, of four plank type wood products by the spreading concentration and impregnation time of flame retardant were measured according to standard of the Nation Fire Agency in Republic of Korea. To measure the flame retardancy, Korean pine plywood, Japanese larch plywood, Japanese cypress planks, and perforated birch plywood boards were treated with self-development flame retardant by 300 and 500 g/m 2 spreading concentration and those were compared with control specimen. In general, the flame retardant performance of wood products improved as the spreading concentration of flame retardant increased. Except for Japanese larch plywood, there was no significant difference in the flame retardant performance by the spreading concentration. The flame retardant performance of perforated birch plywood board was positively correlated up to 60 minutes of impregnation time, but then gradually decreased. These results about the flame retardancy of wood products by spreading concentration and impregnation time were expected to be basic data for improving flame-retardant treated wood.

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