Flame retardant flexible poly(vinyl chloride) compound for cable application

Abstract

ZnO/MgO, ZnO/CaO, and ZnO/CaO/ MgO can form solid solutions. The solid solution for we as flame retardant (SSFR) was obtained by annealing at 1023 K for 4.5 h in a muffle furnace. Flexible poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) filled with SSFR and Sb 2 O 3 was investigated by differential thermal analysis thermogravimetry. Limiting oxygen index (LOI), mechanical properties, and electrical properties were studied. The surface of the char formed after combusting of the PVC compounds was observed through scanning electron microscopy and the effect of the surface area to the LOI was also studied. The data suggested that a small amount of SSFR and Sb 2 O 3 have good synergy and can greatly increase the LOI and the char yield, and that the thermal degradation temperature and the activation energy decreased. It can be concluded that the mechanism of SSFR is a condensed-phase mechanism. Moreover, one can conclude that the surface area can enhance the LOI. All the results showed that SSFR is effective and safe as a flame retardant in flexible PVC.

Zinc hydroxystannate‐coated metal hydroxides as flame retardant and smoke suppression for flexible poly vinyl chloride

“…Among the thermoplastics, it ranks second only to polyolefin in total worldwide production volume [1]. However, for many applications, it requires an organic plasticizer such as di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP) filled at varying levels to make the PVC materials flexible and easy to process [2][3][4]. But this also makes the PVC products easier to ignite and burn, creating a danger to life.…”

An ab initio study on the ground and low-lying doublet electronic states of SbO2

“…1°͓the difference between the RCCSD͑T͒/C and RCCSD͑T͒/D bond angles; the inclusion of the 4s 2 4p 6 electrons of Sb with basis set E has insignificantly small effects on the computed equilibrium geometrical parameters͔. Regarding the optimized bond lengths, they increase from using basis set B ͑quadruple-zeta quality͒ to basis set C ͑quintuple-zeta quality͒, but decrease when the 4d 10 electrons of Sb are included in the correlation calculations, using basis set D. In this connection, the best calculated bond lengths are probably close to the corresponding computed RCCSD͑T͒/B values, with uncertainties of ca. ±0.01 Å.…”

“…However, the standard valence basis sets A and C of Sb, which employ the ECP28MDF ECP described above, only have polarized-valence-X-zeta ͑X = T or 5͒ quality functions accounting for the 5s 2 5p 3 electrons of Sb, with a single contracted function describing each of the 4s, 4p, and 4d outer core subshells of Sb. In order to account for the 4s 2 4p 6 and 4d 10 outer core electrons of Sb adequately in correlation calculations, basis sets D and E were designed in the present study based on basis set C. Tight uncontracted 3d ͑expo-nents: 5.6, 2.8, 1.4͒, 2f ͑2.4, 1.3͒, 2g ͑2.9, 1.3͒, and 2h ͑2.9, 1.3͒ functions, and 3s ͑8.0, 4.0, 2.0͒, 3p ͑6.8, 3.4, 1.7͒, 3d ͑6.0, 3.0, 1.5͒, 3f ͑5.6, 3.0, 1.4͒ 2g ͑2.9, 1.3͒, and 2h ͑2.9, 1.3͒ functions were augmented to basis set C to give basis sets D and E in order to account for the Sb outer core 4d 10 and 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 electrons, respectively. The frozen core and correlated electrons of Sb associated with different basis sets used in the correlation calculations carried out in the present study are summarized in Table I, together with the total number of contracted basis functions ͑Nb͒ for SbO 2 .…”

“…Therefore, we will focus on the RCCSD͑T͒ results. Using a larger basis set and/or including the 4d 10 and/or 4s 2 4p 6 4d 10 electrons of Sb in the correlation calculation leads to a smaller bond angle for all the bent states studied. In this connection, the computed RCCSD͑T͒/D ͓or RCCSD͑T͒/E, for the lowest energy 2 A 1 state͔ bond angles are probably the most reliable and are upper limits to the true values.…”

“…3 and 6-8͒, and there are various industrial applications of antimony oxide relating to its catalytic properties ͑see, for example, Refs. 3 and 9, and references therein͒, such as its use in antimony-halogen synergistic flame retardants in polymeric [10][11][12] and nanocomposite 13,14 materials. Unfortunately, the experimental technique of molecular beam mass spectrometry does not provide structural information ͑geometrical, molecular, and/or electronic͒ on the detected clusters.…”