Flagella, Chemotaxis and Surface Sensing

Polarity of c-di-GMP synthesis and degradation

“…On the other hand, flagella and pili have been implicated as environmental sensors, which are involved, e.g. in surface sensing as shown for C. crescentus, Vibrio ssp., P. aeruginosa , and others (McCarter et al 1988 ; Ellison et al 2017 ; Hug et al 2017 ; Laventie et al 2019 ; Schniederberend et al 2019 ; Floyd et al 2020 ; Laventie and Jenal 2020 ; Hershey et al 2021 ; Koch et al 2022 ; Matilla et al 2022 ). While flagellar motor-stator remodeling has been shown to be contribute to c-di-GMP production in P. aeruginosa (Kuchma et al 2015 ; Baker et al 2016 , 2019 ), it is still mostly elusive how bacterial cells translate disturbances such as complete stops or forced slowing of flagellar rotation or increase in pilus tension into an increase in c-di-GMP levels.…”

Pseudomonas aeruginosa heme metabolites biliverdin IXβ and IXδ are integral to lifestyle adaptations associated with chronic infection

“…Furthermore, two-component sensor systems allow P. aeruginosa to adapt and streamline their virulence factors in response to external stimuli such as QS via phosphorelay or c-di-GMP, a critical factor in coordinating extracellular and intracellular signal pathways ( 25 ). P. aeruginosa also encodes four distinct chemosensory systems that integrate extracellular signals from several chemoreceptors that respond to a variety of effectors such as oxygen and nitric oxide, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, polyamines, and organic acids ( 26 ). The coordination of these systems is critical to the transition from a planktonic to sessile lifestyle associated with P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and chronic infection.…”