FL1-2 Examination of Particulate Emissions from Alcohol Blended Fuel Combustion in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine(FL: Fuels,General Session Papers)

Abstract

Total particulate number, size, and morphology were analyzed fbr several biofuel blends fired in a gasoline direct iajection engine. The particle sampling was taken at several common operating conditions using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) unit and a thermophoretic sampling device. The fuels tested were gasoline, EIO, E85, and iso-butanol-16 (iBl6) and the test points were for 25%, 50%, and 75% loads at 2,OOO rpm as well as idling. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) levels or fuel iniection parameters were not changed from the manufacturer's setup. There were significant differences in the levels of particulate number produced for the fuels and for the different loadlspeed combinations. E85 produced significantly lower particulate levels than did any of the other fuels tested. The ElO and iB16 produced higher levels than did the gasoline fuel in the entire load rage, due to the inherent thermo-physical and chemical properties of the al ¢ ohol fuels. At a 75% engine load, the paniculate size measured by the SMPS increased in the order of gasoline, ElO, and iB16. This trend quite agreed with the size data measured by a transmission electron microscope. The TEM observation ofparticle morphology showed that particle number concentrations were extremely low at 25% and 50% loads, particularly with the biofuel blends. Further detailed analysis in morphology for the biofuels revealed the nanostructures significantly different from those for the gasoline, exhibiting a lower level of graphitic structures with some amorphous structures.dynamometer setup, to allow it to function with the engine operating on the dynamometer; therefore, the engine eontrol unit is referred to as `dyne-ready.'The ignition system is the stock automotive ignition system supplied with the engine without modifications.

Investigations on Spark and Corona Ignition of Oxymethylene Ether-1 and Dimethyl Carbonate Blends with Gasoline by High-Speed Evaluation of OH* Chemiluminescence

“…Both OME1 and DMC might produce increased levels of OH* because of their high oxygen content, analogous to behaviour reported with ethanol [7,32]. Hence, the OH* level, as both a tracing element to ignition and flame-front propagation [33,34,35] and an indicator to engine-internal PM emission reduction potential, is investigated in this study for combinations of two different ignition systems with various blends of the two aforementioned oxygenates.…”

“…Furthermore, cultivation and production just as well emit CO 2 thereby making it impossible to realise a closed CO 2 cycle [5]. The increased oxygen content of ethanol-gasoline blends reduces the formation of products resulting from incomplete combustion, such as Particulate Matter (PM), due to higher reactivity and altered morphology of the formed particulates [6,7,8,9]. Nevertheless, due to increased heat of vaporisation and reduced energy content, mixture formation has to be well controlled to prevent local fuel-rich areas and increased PM emission hereby [10].…”

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

“…They found that the GDI primary particle size from 7 to 60 nm was larger than diesel particulates size range [106,107]. Lee et al [108] investigated the nanostructure and primary particle size of a GDI engine fueled with alcohol blends. They observed that the primary particles emitted from GDI engine burning gasoline-isobutanol (iB16) and gasoline-ethanol blends (E10) were increased from 31 to 39 nm at 75% engine load condition.…”