Five concepts of religion

Religion and the environmental opinion in 22 countries: a comparative study

“…For this reason it is more appropriate to apply a substantial definition of religion, attuned to the characteristics of Judeo-Christian cultures (Bruce 2011, Dobbelaere 2011, Woodhead 2011. A rather common substantive characterization of religion is to define it as a coherent system of beliefs, values, and behavior that is related to a transcendent reality that unites those who conform to it in a community (Dobbelaere 2011, p. 201).…”

Enhancement of Culture in Education: Research on Indonesian High School

“…Religious, according to Islam, is applying the teachings of a religion comprehensively. According to Woodhead (2011) and Schuelka (2013), there are five dimensions to being religious, namely (a) Conviction filled with hope, where religious people hold fast to a certain theology and acknowledge the doctrine's existence, (b) Religious practice that include worship, loyalty and other matters that show commitment to the religion embraced, (c) Experience. This dimension observes the fact that all religion involves certain hopes, (d) Religious knowledge refers to the hope that religious people, at least, possess minimal knowledge on conviction, rituals, holy book and traditions, (e) Practice or Consequence.…”

Promoting the Everyday: Pro-Sharia Advocacy and Public Relations in Ontario, Canada’s “Sharia Debate”

“…In addition to his invocation of "sharia courts," in seeking to inspire Muslims to use his services, Ali set out vitriolic theological claims that warned of apostasy: only "good Muslims" would use their services [39,40]. 11 Ali referenced Qur'anic passages that described "infidels," rhetoric that served to alienate the Darul-Qada from mainstream Muslims ( [42], p. 247) and non-Muslims. In sum, references to "sharia courts" and "good Muslims" did not quell fears that groups like the Darul-Qada 7 The Canadian Council of Imams (CCI) was established in 1990 and is constituted by more than 40 members.…”

“…Syed Mumtaz Ali passed away in 2009. 11 Here Ali uses polemical language like that critiqued by Mahmood Mamdani [41]. sought to create a parallel legal justice system, which would weaken the rights of Muslim women and the functioning of the liberal democratic state ( [34], p. 12).…”

“…1 were excluded from the polarizing debate (on lived religion, see [11][12][13][14][15] 3 , yet other data show that no matter their level of practice, more than 90% of Ontario Muslims seek to marry using a nikah or Islamic marriage contract. 4 "Average" Muslims are thus not necessarily attending weekly congregational prayer but do engage with Sharia at their time of marriage (and of divorce, thus necessitating some engagement with an imam or religious leader to be granted a religious divorce; see [17]).…”